20th SEHP Symposium
	10th-12th May 2007 Cadaqués, Girona

Title: Approaches to the conscience concept: economic conscience

and fiscal conscience.

Gloria Alarcón García, Elena Quiñones Vidal and María Peñaranda Ortega

Abstract:

According to Munárriz (2005) the term conscience is polisemic and ambiguous. Thus, although all we would agree in applying descriptive characteristics to him (like to realize, to notice of something, to know on, to recognize external and internal things, to interpret what it is perceived... and finally, to talk about to which it is known, felt or lived, as a subjective experience, also we would decide that this knowledge, experience, feeling or perception is not referred to the essential knowledge, but to which it is derived from the idea how people we are, the emotional colour with which we paint our experiences and our perceptions. The conscience without colour or feeling is not conscience, as we cannot either speak of conscience if we did not fix it to a body. Also, the conscience is always conscience of something, it has "intentionality", it is focused to an objective and it has an intention (Brentano). That’s the reason of the necessity to determine the tendencies and the valuations of the world that surrounds him.

Another significant aspect appears when we differentiated between conscience like knowing of himself, and conscience like valuation of our acts, that is, of the capacity to judge what we do, according to internal norms - that are dictated by our conscience and which are defined as immediate knowledge and intuitive - that clarify corrects or incorrect things to us of our actions, and that constitute our beliefs (Ortega 1956; Valenciano, 1968).

In this sense we differentiate between the moral, derived from our behaviour and its consequences, and the ethics, that include the moral and the human obligations (Alarcón, 2006) Finally, the conscience would include the reflection about the behaviours and the obligations (Alicia, 2006). Each one of those contents of conscience sends to different states referring mental activities that are "conscious":  to want, to feel, to believe... Plotino, San Agustín, and Descartes, emphasized different meanings: it is used to catch the good thing, to be in the world, to perceive in a clear and different way, etc. The conscience, constitutes most intrinsic of our experience (Munárriz, 2005)

It is truth that the attempt to recover the conscience after the work that the positivists made to silence it, takes place because of the fact that the neuro- scientists have been decided to investigate certain questions related to the conscience and of the subjective. The central question for them is to determinate how it is possible that cognoscitive capacities, that are leaded from specialized regions and distant of the brain, could be coordinated to produce a coherent and unitary experience.

But not only the neuro - science area is focused in this question; from social and economic sciences, begin to work in concepts that before, as it happened with Psychology, were assumptions. In the present work the authors draw up the development of the concept of conscience in fields not strictly psychological and that they have to do with the economy - for example the fiscal conscience or the ecology (ecological conscience), indicating emergent investigation areas.

When?

Title: Rupture between Freud and Jung. Its restlessness and attitudes in front of the mystery.

Blanca Anguera

Abstract:

In this work we explore the interest of Freud and Jung in the mysterious thing after their definitive broke-up.

Etymologically the term mystery comes from the Greek and has the sense of secret, mystery, religious ceremony for initiates. All the human being, in a moment or another one, we faced mysteries that raise questions, but there are very diverse attitudes in front of the mysteries: the one to omit it, not to see it, to deny it, not to be interested... or also the one to face it, to look for to understand it, to tolerate the uncertainty of not knowing or, believing magically that everything is known and it is explained, and to confuse beliefs with realities. These different attitudes and many others, are naturally tie with many vital aspects: family history, the cultural influence, the religious beliefs (or not), and that mystery that we called subjectivity.

After the rupture with Freud, Jung resigned of the Psychoanalytic Association, his position of Privat docent and later he broke his bows with the University of Zurich. Without institutional bonds, it initiated a "trip through unconscious" that Ellenberger calls (1976) period of "creative disease" from 1913 to 1918. After this dark period, because of the auto-analysis of Freud we have letters to Fliess, Jung founded his own school and his method very different from the Freudian. Whereas Freud understood the therapy like a observation center and data collection, Jung makes the opposite way: he took abundant data of the history of the religions, the mysticism, mythology, the Eastern cultures and soon he applied them to the interpretation of the clinic.

In fact, the attraction of C.G.Jung by all the hidden phenomena began very soon and his medical thesis of 1902, dedicated to a medium of his family, is already an approach to a subject in that he was interested and extended much more after its rupture with the psychoanalysis. From then his search of sense, it was extend to a different subjects as the alchemy, the para-psychological phenomena, the mandalas and other aspects integrated under his concept of synchronicity or significant coincidence between external and internal events that do not have between them a causal relation.

On the other hand S. Freud, dedicated basically his energies to the construction of the psychoanalysis and later, specially after the years twenty when he publishes few writings dedicated to the phenomenon of the telepathy and the occultism. Both authors whom they had dared to penetrate in the psychic aspect of the unconscious, make their explorations to more mysterious and dark subjects, but their ways are very different. Whereas Freud shows astonishment, perplexity, uncertainty, doubts and variations on the existence or not of the telepathy, Jung takes an attitude of more conviction in front of the hidden phenomena.

One hundred years after their first meet it is necessary to recognize that, independently of its errors and their successes, they had boldness to ask questions that now only we observed in the field of the theoretical physics and not in the one of psychology.

When?

Title: Contributions to the History of Applied Psychology: Welfare services of the Psychology Faculties

José M. Arana Martínez, Domínguez Rodríguez and Juan J. García Meilán

Abstract:

The objective is to make an analysis of the services of psychological attention that have been restored in the universities of the country in the two last decades. In particular, the referred information is handled to the 36 universities where the studies of Psychology are distributed.

The objective of the work is by an historical side, inasmuch as from him it will derive the establishment of the concrete moments, obviously near, in which the different faculties from Psychology of the country have implemented the novel welfare facet next to their educational and investigating consolidated areas. On the other hand, the work will contribute data about the level of social-welfare implication of the faculties of Psychology, being expectable that such result and level of implication is in certain way correlative to their own historical trajectory, just like to the global and institutional context of the universities in particular.

Between the provisional results that we have obtained the following ones stand out. Although all the Faculties does not have it, most of the Faculties of Psychology of the country they have a Unit or Service of Psychological Attention with a triple intention: 1) welfare (to improve the psychological well-being of the addressees, generally only personal of the own university); 2) educational (formation practice-training-update of the teaching staff responsible for the service, recently licensed and the students of the Practicum) and 3) of investigation.

However, as it happens in Psychology, the word that better defines the panorama that emerges when studying these services is the diversity: 1) of names (service, unit, center, etc.); 2) of addressees who can make use of them (people pertaining to the institution, or also opened the other people); 3) of the demands (thematic concrete versus general); 4) of the cover of the supplied services (individual treatments, of family, pair, group, organizations, etc.); 5) of the free character or not; 6) of its location (in the own Faculty of Psychology, or in a building of the central services); 7) of the organization that has the service (own center of the university, service of the faculty); 8) in its financing (auto-financing or economically dependent of the aids of the institution).

In last term, the faculties of Psychology in the last decades have contributed to give answer to the demanded spirit of social implication to the university institutions. In addition, it has caused progressively lately a clear interaction of the slopes of investigation and application in the university studies of Psychology. That way, these services have also contributed very favourably to improve the consideration of the career in the context of the University.

When?

Title: Used drugs and popular remedies during century XVIII in the Alt Empordà for the treatment of mental diseases

Imma Arumí, Xavier Amargant and Manuel de Gracia

Abstract:

The objective of this work is to make a taxonomy of plants, drugs and homemade remedies at the end of XVIII and the principles of the XIX century in the region of the Alt Empordà, for the treatment of mental and psychosomatic diseases. From all the information collected in the compilation of pharmacy and popular remedies of the popular pharmacy man of Figueres Pelegrí Estiu (Girona ¿? - Figueres 1850?), added to treaties and compilations of popular Catalan pharmacy of principles of the XIX century, and sources of intelligence of the local ethno botanical science, we can make a classification of plants and remedies in three taxonomic axes of the classic psychopathology: melancholy, odd habit and paranoia; a fourth axis gathers drugs and remedies used in psychosomatic or somatoform diseases.

When?

Title: Psychology between the mind and molecules

Saray Ayala López

Abstract:

The actual Neuroscience is saving the abyss between the mind and molecules, tending a cellular-molecular bridge between the mental phenomena and cellular – molecular mechanisms (Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, 2000). Sciences of the brain are explaining us the complexity of the mental area, from the not less complex cellular-molecular level. The case of the consolidation of the long term memory is one of the more known results (Squire & Kandel, 2000; Bickle, 2003). The memory, nowadays, seems to reveal itself like the first mental faculty susceptible to be understood and explained at this cellular-molecular level. 

Those who support the reductionism can use these results to argue in favour of a reduction of the mind to molecules (Bickle, 2003). To defend a thesis therefore would take (i) to eliminate Psychology, or to (ii) to maintain what it has called the thesis of the heuristic, that consists of affirming that the paper of Psychology is the heuristic guide of the investigation (identifying and characterizing functionally the phenomena which require explanation). 

In this work I will argue in favor of the thesis of the heuristic, as a part of the defence of a potential reduction of the mind to molecules, and against thesis anti-reductionist that recognize an essential paper to the Psychology in the explanation of the mind and describe as irrelevant or parasite the implementational level (Schouten & Looren de Jong, 1999; Looren de Jong & Schouten, 2005; van Eck et al, 2006). My argument consists in two elements: one refers to the character of the contribution from Psychology in the study of the mind, the other refers to the relation of this one with sciences of lower levels (like the Neurobiology).

By a side I maintain that Psychology does not explain the mental phenomena, but functional characterizations at the level of the subject. By the other I defend the thesis that the paper of Psychology in the study of the mind is the one to guide the investigation of the brain from a functional level. In order to illustrate these two ideas, I will expose an example: making an historical review of the paper of Psychology in the study of the memory (from the discoveries of Ebbinghaus in the decade of 1880, to the present results in molecular Biology), it is easy to notice that their contribution has been the one to guide the investigation, with characterizations at the level of the subject (like the types of memory in a short and long term), being after the neuroscience the one that has developed an explanation of them.

According to this line of argumentation, in a complete theory that it explains the mind, the contribution of Psychology have been the one to guide the investigation from its functional characterizations, and not the one to offer explanations of the mental phenomena. Sciences of lower levels, like the neurobiology, will be those that explain the mind. Supporting or not the reductionism, one evident thing is that, according to this new bridge between molecules and the mind, Psychology

When?

Title: Encounter between God and the melancholy: the advice of Teresa de Ávila about how is necessary to deal with the melancholy of her "foundations"

Mònica Balltondre Pla

Abstract:

There are diseases that are lent specially to social polyphony. The melancholy is a good example, because in its centuries of height it exceeds its medical meaning, maybe to be contiguous with madness and its sacred tradition. The signs that we have had left of the popularity of this morbus, specially in the sources of centuries XV, XVI and XVII, where it transfers the medical considerations and it receives different sorts of treatment: satirist, moral, mystic, etc.

The present communication pretends to get in the religious forms of the melancholy. Between 1574 and 1582, Teresa de Ávila wrote “The Book of the Foundations” to settle down the principles that had to guide the orders that, not without furious oppositions, was able to be founding. Between all the rules that she write for the arrangements of these convents there is a chapter about how they have themselves to have with those who have melancholy, thought so that the religious women could handle to the melancholic ones within the order. It is logical that it worries to Teresa Jesus, because is a extended disease and because, as it says to us in medical treaties of the XVI, the disease is commonly associated with religious people and people of much withdrawal.

Here we will try to understand the melancholy like subterfuge that watches to the feminine ecclesiastical estate, according to the opinion of Teresa de Ávila, who suspects that the disease has its utilities for the suction young people to take off her shoes. We try two movements. Of a side, to approach the melancholy like disease between the Carmelite nuns and to see the therapeutic remedies that puts its founder in writing. On the other side, we set out to explain the meanings that that includes morbus, with which are crossed, in the individual psychological plane: the operation of the imagination, the passions, the experiences of faith and sin and the temptations that come by this route of weakness of the soul; and the social plane: the coexistence in community. We will try to compose how mix all it in a universe of experiences, no doubt, very particular.

When?

Title: José García Castillo and the psicopatología in the spanish civil war

Javier Bandrés and Rafael Llavona

Abstract:

The Spanish psychiatrist Jose Garcia Castillo presented in the Central University in 1947 a doctoral thesis in which he tries to analyze the origin of the psychopathological diseases that appeared during the Spanish Civil War. In this communication their main data and conclusions are exposed, with special emphasis in aspects like: the legal importance in the war of the psychopathological diseases, the relation between the fear and the psychoneurosis, the relation between the hunger and the psychoneurosis, the relation between the fatigue and the psychoneurosis, differences and similarities between the mental schemes in time of peace and military, the peculiarities of a revolutionary war conflict, the psychological impact of the war in old people and the psychological impact of the war in the mental patients.

When?

Title: The unconscious: What is new and what is not

Yvon Brès

Abstract:

Freud did not invent the unconscious concept. This concept has, before him, all a history, since the creation of the word in the XVIII century, and even a prehistory, if it is allowed to see it be born in some texts from the Antiquity. Despite the one is the XIX Century that will see it need and mainly become rich in the romantic German philosophers (for example, Schelling) and in the medical psychologists (Heinroth, Carus, I.H.Fichte And von Hartmann). So that at the beginning of his scientific activity Freud it throughout finds it in the western culture. It is going to inherit by several channels the different conceptions from the unconscious that give test of this diversity, not sometimes without some inconsistency.

Before and after Freud all the classes of unconscious many will bloom of which they move away of which the most precise concept of "represented representation" (unvorgeste Vorstellung, as Immanuel Hermann Fichte says) could not have of rigorous. So that, nowadays, in psychoanalysis and outside the psychoanalysis, "the unconscious" word runs the risk of being able to mean anything. However, the progresses in the observation of the brain allowed to discover physiological processes that - since Freud anticipated more or less - they correspond to a "unconscious cognoscitive" that thus gave to the concept a new one and precise content. These discoveries inevitably do not affect to the incapacity of the different concepts from unconscious the interiors or the exteriors from the psychoanalysis, but they create the problem in new terms

When?

Title: Contributions to psychology made by the real academy of moral and political sciences of Spain

Helio Carpintero

Abstract:

The objective in this communication is to examine the relations and connections that the mentioned Academy has maintained with scientific psychology in this century and means of existence. This institution was created as a result of a disposition of the Law of Public Instruction of 9 of September of 1857, and has incorporated a series of figures that have had more or less relation with psychology, specially in the last third of XX century.

The dominant ideological group at the beginning of century XIX assumed an intellectual position of affirmation of the neoscholastic thought, so and as was conceived it in the University of Lovaina. It named Academic of Honor to the Belgian cardinal Desirée Mercier, when it was finished the I World War. That movement was completed with the incorporation of two of his disciples: Juan Zaragüeta in 1920, and Marcelino Arnaiz, in 1922. Both are figures known by their works on psychology, within the neoscholastic movement to that they belong.

It had, in addition, a certain presence of the "psychology of the towns", through other known names, like Rafael Altamira (incorporated in 1912) and Salvador de Madariaga (in 1935). And it is had to remember the singular contribution of another academic member, Emilio Miñana, who presented an interesting study on the professional direction as was conceived around the years 1920's.. 

After the war, the field of academic psychology was included within the scope of the philosophy. Nevertheless, scientific psychology was recovered thanks to a group directed by the Dr Jose Germain, and of whom several names are related to this Academy comprise indeed: Mariano Yela, that enter in 1974, Jose Luis Pinillos, which it does in 1983, and finally, Miguel Siguán, academic incorporated in 1987. 

The study examines the most outstanding accomplishments, considering the entrance speeches, the memories of some aids, as well as contributions made in publications and yearbooks of the own Academy.

When?

Title: The individual psychology of Alfred Binet: a multiplicity of approaches.

Elisabeth Chapuis-Ménard

Abstract :

A kind reading of the proteiforme work of Binet demonstrates, like a thread of Ariadna, a dominant preoccupation: to construct to an individual psychology that is, a psychology of the singular subject, characterized by the game of the superior processes in the personality. The program of individual psychology of 1896, summarizes in a correct way the project that did not let continue from his first works.

We propose the examination of ten present superior faculties in variable degrees one each one: mental memory, images, imagination, attention, understanding, aesthetic sense, moral feelings, muscular force and will, vision and suggestion. In order to study these faculties, Binet, following in that the recommendations of Taine, preferred examine the exceptional cases, in that some of these faculties are extremely present like: the creators, painters, men of letters, computers prodigies and, singularly, their own daughters who he has to his disposition, which allows him to repeat the observations.

The students and the abnormal people in great number allow the study of faculties in germ or blocked in their development, and, as far as the populations of investigations, the schoolboy, leave them quickly (1904) since the numerous obtained answers cannot equal in wealth and precision the data of some deep conversations.

His investigations condition then to Binet to resort to the most different methods to bring up to date these constituent processes of the "character" of each one. Therefore, the hypnosis to study the associations of mental images, the suggestion to prove the solidity of the judgment, the observation and the experimentation to analyze behaviors spontaneous or caused or also the experimental introspection to enter on the internal mechanisms of the thought... But the psychic activity is not translated in the appearance, in some signal that would be to decipher? What reveals the writing? What can be inferred of the reading of an appearance? Which is the value of the chiromantic? What can discover a "ignited glance"? the search of indices, morphologic or no, tie or to anthropometrical measures does not provoke in Binet amount of studies in 1904-1910, that is to say, at the time even where it constructs the metric Scale of intelligence, from strictly mental parameters.

I will be interested here in this less well-known part of the work of Binet that shows the obstinate search of a possible revelation of the intimate area and of the singular by the deciphered one of banal but secretly eloquent signs.

When?

Title: The origins of the mental Chronometry and its contribution to present Psychology

Ramon Cladellas Pros

Abstract:

The origins of the mental Chronometry go back to second half of the XIX century with the introduction of the technique of the time reaction. Helmholtz (1821-1894) stimulating the nerves to different distances from a muscle and measuring the time in which the muscular contraction took place, considered the rate of route of the nervous impulse, and in the process he introduced also the technique of time reaction in physiology. Helmholtz laid the bases for Donders to study the time reaction in Psychology. Although many authors consider Donders as the father of the mental Chronometry by his great contributions to the study of the mental processes, the term as we know it is related to Wundt.

Donders (1818-1889) formed in the seminaries of Tilburg and Boxmear, and later to study at the medical school of Utrecht, where in this same university he became a physiology professor. Donders designed different instruments with the intention to be able to measure the speed of the mental processes. Also he is the author of different publications, between which emphasizes “De Psysiologiscke tijd bij psychische processen” (1865) and " Die schnelligkeit psychischer processe”  (1868). In the first one, he separately evaluates the time to respond to the stimulus under conditions of simple election and no election; whereas in second it contributes to the definitive report of the results of his work and its extension to the times of discrimination.

Donders devised the method of subtraction, based on a simple subtracting logic with two basic assumptions: the one of the seriality and the one of independence. The experiments of Donders were first in using a methodology based on the time reaction. In these experiments it tries to analyse and to measure the processes that take part in a simple task. Although the studies of Donders did not have too much interest, the use of the reaction technique caused to a fort impact on their contemporaneous, in special on Wundt. This author, at the end of his investigating race continued the studies of time reaction initiated by Donders, arriving to denominate to the processes of the mental operations, "concrete mental Chronometry". Specifically, Chronometry consists on the measurement of the time in which the mind makes some of its processes or activities, but applied to mental contents, and not to the conduct. If mental chronometry is related to thought, it concludes that the objective is to determine the mental operations that they are used in cognitive tasks.

With the appearance of the Behaviourism (at the beginning of the last century) the study object that was been effective with Wundt and the school of the introspectionism is modified. Thus, it goes of the study of the mind to only have interest by the conduct or behaviour, is to say only had sense what it was possible to be measured and to be observed. In this stage, all referring to mental chronometry and the mental processes it happens through a obscurantism stage, that returns to resurge in the middle of the XX century with the appearance of Cognitive Psychology.

The appearance of this one, together with the appearance of other disciplines like the Artificial intelligence, and mainly with the discovery of a tool like the computer, made possible that Psychology adopted the methodology of the Simulation by computer for the study of basic the psychological processes in the resolution of problems.

In this stage it become to make studies of mental chronometry, like the carried out ones by Sternberg, that developed the method of additive factors, and whose applications makes possible the time of measurement of the mental processes, as well as to be able to infer how they act (serial or parallel).

As a summary it is possible to observe how the studies of the mental chronometry that began at the end of the XIX century return to recover importance a century later. This results are decisive for our present Psychology, because to be able to accede to the total duration of the mental events already it is one first quantitative approach to the study of the mental processes, that with the suitable methodology (Simulation by computer) can help us to infer the meaning of such, and consequently to know better as our mind acts.

When?

Title: A revolution goes on in cognitive psychology

Anna Estany

Abstract:

The cognitive psychology constituted a new paradigm in the history of the psychology that supplanted the conductism as a theoretical model. This change created a new object of study and, therefore, a ontological revolution in the sense that the analysis unit moved from the conductual acts to the cognitive processes. Since the revolution in psychology in the interdisciplinary area of cognitive sciences, there have been new contributions in some of the disciplines in this interdisciplinary area that have questioned some own characteristics of psychology.

The objective of this work is to analyze the changes that suppose for cognitive psychology the model of Cognition Socially Distributed (Cognición Socialmente Distribuida - CSD). The cognition socially distributed (CSD) has Edwin Hutchins as a unquestionable reference, whose theses are exposed in their seminal work of 1995 Cognition in the Wild. This approach has as a precedent the denominated "located activity", understood like the interaction of the subjects with the devices in certain circumstances. The CSD says that the cognitive perceptions, representations, memory and, in general, projections and processes are generated, extended and distributed differentially between the devices and the agents because of in the interaction process settles a necessary recognition and a representation of both, a interlocution, interchange, negotiation and appropriation of the cognitive processes.

The departure hypothesis is that the CSD implies a change in the object of study of the cognitive processes, in the sense that the unit of analysis of the cognition is not the individual in solitaire but the interaction with other agents and devices. Also it implies a methodological change because social and cultural elements take part, that’s why the CSD is a rationalist model for social psychology. From these ontological and methodological changes I set out to reflect if the CSD supposes a new paradigm in psychology and, therefore, if we are in front of a revolution (kuhniana or not) or of a revision of the same paradigm.

When?

Olga Fernández Prat

Abstract:

The history of the distinction of Psychology from Philosophy is well well-known by psychologists. For some psychologists of the current generation is a lived fact that belongs to their personal experience. It is less known that during a certain period, Philosophy was the discipline that made remarkable efforts of theoretical nature to break contact with Psychology. This phenomenon is better well-known in the history of Philosophy, described as efforts to break contact with “psychological influences”. The relevant time was the last years of the 19^th Century and the beginnings of the 20^th and the philosophical school for which such efforts were crucial is Phenomenology (recent efforts of some neuroscientists and some philosophers to tie phenomenology to the investigation in Cognitive Sciences and Neurosciences add irony to the story). The aim of the present work is to reveal some aspects of these tries to free Philosophy from Psychology that are little known if any.

When?

Title: A first approach to the possibilities of application of lipovetsky ‘s theory of fashion to the history of psychology

Juan Bautista Fuentes, Fernando Muñoz and Ernesto Quiroga
 

Abstract:

The contemporary French sociologist Gilles Lipovetsky maintains a theory about fashion in which he considers that is decisive to understand our present democratic and individualistic societies as it is a central phenomenon of modern society. Fashion, the progressive cult to the new against the tradition, is a central, structural and wide phenomenon, thus it is not a peripheral or irrelevant fact. It is also a characteristic or specific phenomenon of the modernity that has taken place in  western societies. In order to understand the central fact of the modern western fashion, Lipovetsky proposes three phases and three principles. In its path, fashion crosses the phases “aristocratic”, “whole” centennial” and not only influences the look of higher social classes but also all aspects of modern life and all social classes. Throughout these three phases, fashion responds to three principles or fundamental characteristics: “the principle of the ephemeral thing”, “the principle of the marginal differentiation of individuals” and “the principle of seduction”, whose aim would be to understand fashion exactly. According to these principles fashion is a new system of social relations that consists of a cult to the new, which is understood as a variation introduced in a relatively stable series. It is not only impelled by the logic of the fight among classes but also by the logic of the existence of individually differentiated human beings, which are portrayed in the crossing between West Christian and Profane traditions. Each one distinguishes the diverse components from their life in order to seduce others and to feel comfortable with themselves, mainly in the context of leisure.

On the other hand, psychology is an institution of the modern West that has formed historically by means of plurality and heterogeneity of “schools and systems”. It has been characterized by including a great amount of theoretical and practical ways of thought, which have differences and similarities and that are internally fragmented in different frameworks due to some greater or smaller variation from the general one.

Taking in mind Lipovetsky’s theory of fashion and also the plural and heterogeneous configuration of the history of modern psychology, our work explores the possibilities of application of the first for a better understanding of the second. With such aim, we will retake the concept of discriminate-generalized contingency and the distinction between popular and academic-professional psychology. Later we will explore in what sense each one of them can respond to the logic of fashion when adjusting to the format of variations in the stable series according to the mentioned principles.

When?

Title: Which is the psychological theory of Netz about the historical formation of deduction?

Fernando Gabucio

Abstract:

Reviel Netz recently published (1999) a book dedicated to the study of “The Shaping of Deduction in Greek Mathematics”. In terms of the author, the work  is written in three different levels: firstly, as a description of the practices of Greek mathematicians; secondly, as a theory on the emergency of deductive method; and finally as a case study according to a certain general idea about history of science. The discussion of the proposed theses in this work could have interest within the framework of a history of science or of mathematics meeting, but what about in the history of psychology? The fact is that the book is titled: “A study of cognitive history”.

Moreover, at least one of those three dimensions is conceived and developed deliberately to constitute a contribution to a so-called history of the development of the superior psychological processes. As an emergency of deduction theory, Netz’s analysis not only does not avoid but grants a crucial importance to the relation between mathematical practices (geometric more concretely) and the formation of a deductive thought. However, although indicated as one of the main aims - and levels of analysis- of the work, the truth is that it is a specialized work in his own object - history of  mathematics- and therefore does not approach the topic specifically within the framework of the contemporary psychological theories in an explicit way.

The goal of the present communication is to try to identify and to define the psychological theory of Netz in the first place, and to be able to relate it explicitly or genealogically with the pertinent psychological theory of psychologists. In other words, we are going to take the work from Netz as a wide and explicitly unfolded invitation to try to narrow the theoretical relation between history of science and history of  cognition,  in a strong sense in both cases.

When?

Title: Jose Juan Piquer y Jover: head editor of the magazine Pro Childhood and Youth

José Antonio Gallardo Cruz

Abstract:

José Juan Piquer y Jover was born in Barcelona in May 28th, 1911, and died in November 23^rd, 1985, when he was 74. His parents died when he was 3 years old and was raised by his maternal uncles. When he was 12, he enroled in the seminary of Tarragona and graduated in Pedagogy. In 1940, he married Isabel Jornet and they had their son José Juan. Later, his wife died and he married Carlota Pomés. They had Rosa María, who is a psychotherapist nowadays.

In this communication, we will present the contributions that José Juan did to the magazine “Pro Childhood and Youth” that was sponsored by the Provincial Meeting of Protection of Minors of Barcelona. His first director was Antonio Aunós Pérez (Vocal Secretary General) and his first head editor was José Juan Piquer y Jover. This magazine started in 1950 July and it disappeared after twenty-five years, in September of 1974. It was a tribune in which information was published about abandonment and infantile and youthful delinquency. During its period, some European, American and Hispano-American personalities published there, among them honoured judges, doctors, lawyers, presidents and directors of institutions, social workers such as Jerónimo de Moragas, and pedagogues  as Victor García Hoz and María Raquel Payá Ibarra. In its beginnings it was published monthly, then every two months and later every three months until the day it disappeared. Although its architecture changed throughout its publishing life, the summary of the first edition had separately: Doctrinal Section (Studies, Notes), News articles, Chronicles, Divulgation and Bibliography (I Bibliographic research, II Magazine of Magazines and III Summary of Summaries). Later, some new sections appeared such as Selections, Provincial Meeting of Protection of Minors or Pedagogy and Life, and others became extended, such as News articles that were denominated Information and News articles.

The subjects studied by Jose Juan in this magazine belonged to psychological, pedagogical, social and religious fields. His contributions were, on the one hand, eighteen studies (articles) in where he presented theoretical and empirical information about etiology of infantile and youthful delinquency, coming from the Titular Courts of Minors of Barcelona and other Spanish provinces. On the other hand, he also wrote a great number of chronicles and bibliographical recessions on the destitute childhood, located in other sections of this publication, that treated diverse subjects like: (a) biographies of people who dedicated all their life to the care of childhood, (b) balance of the Provincial Meeting of Protection of Minors, (c) obituary of excellent people, (d) bibliographical repertoires, (e) news articles of congresses, days, etc., (f) analysis of clinical cases of the Court Tutelary of Minors and (g) reflections on the interventions developed in other countries about abandonment and infantile and youthful delinquency.

When?

Title: The location of mental functions. physiological psychology according to j. magraner and marinas (1841-1905).

Emilio García García.

Abstract:

Julio Magraner and Marinas (1841-1905) was professor of Medical Clinic at the University of Valencia and president of the Valencian Medical Institute. In 1889 he pronounced a speech in the solemn opening of academic course 1889-1890 that took place at the Literary University of Valencia, with the title Physiological Concept of Thought. The extensive publication (63 pages) raises a conception of physiology of intelligence, and even of a physiological psychology that has great interest. The argumentation is developed in three theses: a) The function of thinking must have an anatomical substratum that is the brain; b) Being the brain a complex organ it has to exist in it a site or location for intellectual functions; c) These functions physiologically suppose a mechanism in their fulfilment. The debate on modularity and holism of the mind that was developed in the last decades of  the 19^th Century is debated, in other words, the confrontation between the theory of the added field and the cellular connexionism.

When?

Title: Women in history of psychology.

Maria del Carmen Giménez

Abstract:

In this communication, we approach two sides of the same problem: the invisibility of women in History of Psychology and how we reproduce and perpetuate an androgenic and sexist historical speech in our own transmission. Regarding invisibility, the proliferation of studies dedicated to maintain the personality and the contribution of women to the development of diverse sciences is one of the consequences of the analyses of historical stories that - from the genre perspective - a great number of North American and English women initiated. In the field of Psychology, also the North Americans initiated and took the greater weight in this persistence of recovery of historical memory. During almost thirty years, their task has been focused on identifying “invisible” or “forgotten” psychologists, reconstructing their biography in order to rescue and to analyze their works and also to specify their intellectual relations with other members of the scientific community, with academic institutions and social contexts, and of course to create and connect specialized documentary archives.

Lamentably, this type of works is less evident in Europe and nonexistent in Spain, where it is possible to indicate that, although practically little, some commendable studies exist on the matter. Nevertheless, they are relatively recent, isolated and disconnected contributions to each other and have not had a remarkable impact neither in the re-elaboration of the stories of the history of psychology or in the version that we present to the students of the matter in Spanish Universities. In relation to this we present some aspects and excellent results of the search, revision, systematization and elaboration of reasonable sources on the contributions of psychologists to the history of our discipline. We use these results as a protocol from which undertake the analysis of the treatment that grants to women psychologists in the manuals of History of Psychology which we recommend commonly in our universities. These two levels of the study lead to the following conclusions: 1. - The invisibility of women psychologists in the history of our discipline is not attributable to their non-existence or to their poor productivity. 2. - The manuals that are more used in Spain do not incorporate the new information about contribution of women psychologists nor have modified their slanted version of history. 3. – When validating the narrations reflected in such manuals and doing echo of them, we perpetuate a version of incomplete and sexist history, and also deceptive in a certain sense.

As an epilogue, we indicate that the genre perspective can contribute to the development and improvement of psychological historiography and we emphasize the necessity of a critical reflection of our educational and research activities on History of Psychology.

When?

Title: O.H.Mowrer: From the Learning Theory to Integrity Groups.

José María Gondra Rezola

Abstract:

Orval Hobart Mowrer (1907-1982) was one of most active members of the Clark L. Hull Group at the Institute of Human Relations of the University of Yale (IRH) during the second half of the 30’s. Nevertheless, his influence was reduced in the years after the II World War. Celebrating the centenary of his birth, and as a preliminary phase of an investigation about anxiety learning experiments carried out by Mowrer and N.E. Miller in the IRH, we present a biographical outline of this psychologist who was president of the APA in 1954 and dedicated his last years to a group therapy devised by him that received the name of “integrity therapy”

In 1929, while he was studying at the University of Missouri, Mowrer was one of the authors of the “sexual questionnaire” that caused a great scandal and the sudden destitution of Max F. Meyer, Director of the Department of Psychology.

After developing his dissertation at Johns Hopkins about visual and vestibular functions related to spatial orientation (1932), and continuing the works of the dissertation in two universities, - Northwestern and Princeton, - in 1934, he entered the University of Yale and became excited with the project to integrate psychoanalysis and the theory of learning promoted by Hull in the IHR. He participated actively in seminaries, designed experimental situations with rats for the study of Freudian mechanisms; he did psychoanalytic therapy with the hope to free himself from recurrent depressions and collaborated with Dollard and Miller in the book Frustration and Aggression (1939). In addition to these works, he made an experiment on the infantile enuresis that was considered a precursor of conduct therapies and “feedback”, and proposed an explanation of learning, - the theory of two factors - that reached a lot of notoriety.

His life changed radically in 1945, while he was working for the Strategic Services Bureau in Washington, where a seminary of Harry Snack Sullivan put him away from the orthodox psychoanalysis and took him to put more attention on interpersonal relations. Mowerer began to express his feelings freely and after his transfer to the University of Illinois in 1948, he did counselling with the students, insisting on personal transparency, responsibility and emotional commitment.

By using primary sources and file material, we will analyze with more details the factors that took to him to the study of anxiety in rats, and later we will study those experiments and their influence in psychiatry and clinical psychology after the II World War.

When?

Title: Psychotechnics and publicity: psychology applied to the production of posters in spain

Fania Herrero, Enrique Lafuente and Carlos Velasco

Abstract:

Like the industrialization, publicity is an applied area of delayed appearance in our country. After a first development with commercial aims in Catalonia, the practice is extended fundamentally to the other main capitals of the country. Finally, with the outbreak of the civil war, the use of posters becomes a continuous and useful way of doing publicity, but also of maintenance of mental hygiene, especially in republican Spain. The Institute of Professional Direction of Barcelona, as well as the institutes of Work Disabled Education and National Psychotechnics of Madrid become echo of the new advertising procedures for the production of posters, and promote their use fundamentally for the prevention of accidents at work. At the same time, the translation of important works on Industrial Psychology and Scientific Organization of work (like those of W. Moede, H. Münsterberg, F.W. Taylor, etc.) suppose a second source of inspiration for investigation and production of posters in these institutions, based in scientific principles. The aim of thee present work is to study and compare briefly the different sources that serve as a theoretical framework of this activity, both those that come from psychology and those which are part of the enterprise and engineering world. Their graphical and bibliographical productions are analyzed too.

When?

Title: Salvador Dalí’s paranoid-critic method

Virgili Ibarz and Manuel Villegas

Abstract:

In 1933 Salvador Dalí analyzes the internal mechanisms of the paranoid phenomena and highlights the possibility of a method based on the sudden power of the paranoia’s systematic associations. This method would become the delirious but also critic synthesis that would be called “paranoid-critic activity”. Dalí’s work is based in Jacques Lacan, who had published his thesis Of psychose paranoïaque dans ses raports avec personalité in 1932. According to the classic theory, the paranoid delusion is a consequence of an error of judgment as opposed to reality and, therefore, of a false interpretation. However, Lacan believes that the origin of paranoia is in a hallucination. The interpretation and the delusion are not two consecutive but coincident moments. The agreements between Lacan’s thesis and Dalí’s arguments are, among others, the hallucinatory origin and the coincidence between interpretation and delusion, the creative power of  paranoia or the concretion in repetitive structural forms. Dalí emphasizes that the paranoid-critic method is a spontaneous activity of irrational knowledge, based on the interpretative-critic association of the delirious phenomena.

When?

Title: Applied Psychology in Latin America

Ana Maria Jacó-Vilela

Abstract:

Applied psychology arises in several countries of Latin America - Brazil, Argentina and Mexico, later Chile and Peru - between the end of the 19^th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Nevertheless, the first interested do not distinguish between theory and application: they are self-taught doctors who investigate, making objective the treatment of the mental patient or the criminal mind. Some examples: in Brazil, Henrique Roxo (1877-1969), with the thesis “Duration of the elementary psychic acts in the mentally alienated” (1900); in Argentina, Jose Engineer (1877-1925) directs the Archives of Psychiatry and Criminology and the Institute of Criminology of the National Penitentiary of Buenos Aires.

The dichotomy, theory and practice, either do not takes part in the performance of the first foreign psychologists who arrive at different parts from Latin America, due to the situation of inter-war in Europe. Walter Blumenfeld (1882-1967) settles down in Peru, where he teaches, develops and validates examinations, dedicating himself to educational psychology; Bela Székely (1892-1955) circulates between Argentina (where his name is excellent among psychoanalysis), Chile and Brazil (where is known by his books on psychological examinations); Waclaw Radecki (1887 - 1953) initiates his Latin trajectory in Brazil and soon he settles down in Uruguay, with stays in Argentina. During the II World war, Emilio Mira y Lopez (1896-1964) alternates between Argentina and Uruguay until settling down definitively in Brazil.

Another personage who also settles down in Brazil and exerts decisive influence in the field of psychology is Helena Antipoff (1892-1974). Her arrival coincides with a moment of new restlessness in almost all Latin America: the education. In this way, eminent Latin personages graduated in medicine or laws arrive. When they understand the importance of psychology for the educational work which is necessary for the modernization of their countries they become self-taughts of the new field of knowledge. Occupying public positions in the area of Education, they spread applied psychology in this system. In Mexico, Ezequiel A. Chavez (1868-1946) produces important works on educational and developmental psychology and reorganizes the national schools when he occupies an excellent position in the Ministry of Education. In Brazil, Manuel B. Lourenço Filho (1897-1970) was an important actor in the diffusion of psychology in the educational system, via Ministry of Education and Culture. His wide intellectual production includes numerous books, the creation of the examination of ABC intelligence, the coordination of a book collection in Education, and the translation of psychology works, which until then had been accessible solely by the members of the intellectual elite that dominated the origin languages (French, German and English).

Psychology applied to the educational context is centered in the use of psychological examinations that help in the educative field to identify the student -problems, and to homogenize classes. Since the 40’s, examinations will have another main use: the selection of workers for the industrialization that was developed then. The psychotechnics arises and becomes and emblem of this period. Also in clinical psychology the destiny will be the use of examinations, through psycho diagnosis followed by direction and recommendation. The presence of psycotherapy will be rare - although in Argentina psychoanalysis was already consolidating. In the period between 1940 and 1960 the first university courses of psychology are created in almost all countries, whose process will count on Radecki (Uruguay), Sight (Brazil) and Blumenfeld (Peru). Since then, with the deep transformations in the western world and even though (or because of) the installation of military dictatorships in several countries, a new psychology excels that coexists with the previous one and bets by the renovation of the joint between theory and practice, including understanding and acting in the specificity of Latin American towns.

When?

Title: Psychology, crime and accountability: constructing “responsibility” in Spain at the end of the 19^th Century and beginnings of the 20^th.

Belén Jiménez Alonso

Abstract:

This work is situated within a wider line of investigation which main goals are to analyze psychological speeches on criminality that are developed at the end of the 19^th century and beginnings of the 20^th in Spain. Specifically, we are going to raise the new theory on the accountability that some Spanish authors like P. Dorado or Q. Saldaña (considered as two of the most representative figures of the beginnings of criminal psychology in Spain), consider that must supplant the classic theory of the accountability based on the “mere will” or “mental integrity”. With that purpose, we will have to take into account the change from a theory to the other, this is, the change of the exclusive estimation of the “crime” to implant the penalty that came following until the end of the 18th century to the incorporation of “feelings” in a new preventive system in which the penalty is no longer going to be the only measurement against criminality. Once the necessity to notice the psychological genesis of the crime is established, it will also be precise to account for an specialized knowledge on human nature and its ways of social constitution that, on the one hand, surpasses the philosophical-idealists speeches on the human being and on the other, incorporates the new scientific studies in physiological and evolutionist subjects: the individual and collective criminal psychology that begins to develop in the 19th century

When?

Title: Research on sustained attention: the evolution of a subject

Luz I. Leirós, Montserrat Martín and Mª Dolores Valiña

Abstract:

In Psychology, tasks that consist on maintaining fixed attention on a series of stimuli during long periods of time in order to indicate when a change takes place are called sustained  attention tasks. The fundamental finding in this research field (the function of decrement or increment of vigilance) is referred to a low performance as a function of time. We present a review on this subject, from its beginnings – in the 40’s of the past century – to the most recently developed works. The reviewed investigations were selected by Medline and PsycInfo data bases, using as key words “sustained attention” and “vigilance”. The results are presented in different graphics in which we try to show the changes in different factors (number of investigations, type of publication, sample and so on) that have influenced on the type of approach (theoretical / applied) in the study of sustained attention.

En Psicología, las tareas que consisten en mantener fija la atención sobre una serie de estímulos, durante largos periodos de tiempo, para indicar cuando se produce algún cambio, se denominan tareas de atención sostenida o de vigilancia. El hallazgo fundamental en este campo de investigación -la función decremento o decremento de vigilancia- hace referencia a la disminución en el rendimiento del operador, a medida que transcurre el tiempo de trabajo. En este trabajo presentamos una revisión de la literatura sobre este tema, desde sus inicios -en los años 40 del pasado siglo- hasta los últimos trabajos presentados. Las investigaciones revisadas fueron seleccionadas mediante las bases de datos Medline y PsycInfo utilizando, como palabras clave, “sustained attention” (atención sostenida) y “vigilance” (vigilancia). Los resultados se presentan a través de distintas gráficas, en las que intentamos mostrar los cambios producidos, a lo largo del tiempo, en distintos factores (número de investigaciones, tipo de publicación, temas tratados,…), que han influido directamente sobre el tipo de enfoque (teórico/aplicado) aplicado al estudio de la atención sostenida.

When?

Title: William James: Pragmatic Epistemology and the meaning of religious experience

Luis Martínez Guerrero and Alberto Rosa Rivero

Abstract:

The study of Religion has a vast past. It has been investigated by its ideological content from Theology and Philosophy, and also by the different cultural configurations that it adopts in a community from Anthropology and Sociology. Nevertheless, the study of the experience - religious, in this case- which configures the bases of these disciplines and a legitimate object of study for Psychology, has been historically relegated to a secondary plane in the investigating agenda. This lack of attention within the psychological scope was fed frequently by prejudices born within the own discipline from some frameworks such as Psychoanalysis and Behaviourism, that fomented an image of Religion as an object of study which was far away from scientific knowledge, and of the religious experience as an insane expression of the mind that had to be approached from Psychopathology. Thus, the Psychological study of religion has not found a propitious atmosphere until very recent date, in the fifties of the 20^th Century.

Although the lack of interest for religious aspects that we have just mentioned, it has not always been this way. In the institutional constitution of Psychology as a science in the United States and thanks to the socio-cultural status that constituted North America, religion appeared as a normal manifestation of the psychic character whose mental mechanisms had to be revealed in order to be able to explain an important fragment of a human experience. Granville Stanley-Hall and William James worked on this topic. Stanley-Hall focused especially on the creation of organs and vehicles of institutional communication for the diffusion of his knowledge and James carried out important theoretical contributions that still resonate nowadays.

James, whose Psychology is impregnated by the prevailing Darwinism of the time, conceived the experience that appears in conscience as a functional instrument that allowed orienting the activity of individuals in their background in a satisfactory way, in other words, reaching the opportune levels of meaning as an exercise of contingency action in order to unfold in the ecosystem with effectiveness. That’s how his pragmatic vision was created, which was originally inherited from Charles Sanders Peirce, who used experiences –especially the religious ones- as an epistemological argument to validate all type of experiences as sources of meaning for the existence. Later, in work The varieties of religious experience (1902) which born in Guifford Conferences, he elaborated a theoretical framework from Psychology that justifies the value of such experiences for life.

The intention of this work is mainly to approach the jamesian exposition about experience and its functional meaning for life, referred especially to the religious one - historically neglected by Psychology in the past- in connection with psychological aspects that he proposes in some texts, therefore elaborating an argument that allows us to outline a possible pragmatic epistemology that places action as a source of meaning of experience.

When?

Title: Conceptual history of joint attention

Maria Teresa Mas and Elena Añaños

Abstract:

The first approaches to the concept of joint attention begin around the seventies with the study of Scaife and Bruner (1975). These authors explore the visual pursuit of adult’s glance that children do. This study shows that joint attention is derived from a glance, and this glance implies coordinated attention of an individual with another individual towards an object, person or event, from an interpersonal point of view (Schaffer, 1989).

Let’s consider that the investigating process of the study of joint attention from its beginnings follows two slopes: on the one hand the continuing line of the investigations of Scaife and Bruner that remains in the studies of Butterworth (1991) who continues studying joint attention as an ability to follow the direction of the glance of another person, and on the other hard the innovating line of Bakeman and Adamson followed by the studies of Bruner (1995), Saxon (1997) and Mas, Añaños and Quera (2006). We consider that joint attention is an ability to coordinate the attention to objects with another person during social interactions.

In addition we consider that joint attention is a cognitive ability that the child acquires and that is developed like other cognitive competitions, therefore, it is an ability that goes beyond “watching where another person is watching”.

Joint attention implies acquiring coordination ability due to the fact that the child has to coordinate his attention with another person’s attention, an object of mutual interest and an ability of integration. Because joint attention is a cognitive ability, it is narrowly related to the development of other cognitive, social, communicative and manipulating competitions. This historical and conceptual review of joint attention of the last 40 years serves to show how this concept has evolved throughout time until being considered a cognitive ability that is acquired and developed in the same way as other competition in children.

When?

Title: Visual short-term memory as an object of study within Scientific Psychology

Judit Mate and Josep Baqués

Abstract:

The nature of the short term memory was a topic of interest for a great number of thinkers during the 19th century. It was originally described as primary memory by William James (1890) and as an independent system from long term memory by Thorndike (1919), although this distinction was not postulated until half 20th century (Broadbent, 1959; Brown, 1958; Miller, 1956, Peterson, 1959).

The first studies indicating that visual memory was a separable type from auditory or verbal memory appeared at the end of the 19^th century. One of the most important ones was the book “Diseases of the memory” written by Ribot (1882) and also one of Wundt (1897) who made experiments in which he used nonverbal material, like drawings, colors or tones. Later, authors like Calkins (1898) and Kirkpatrick (1894) proved in an experimental way that memory for visual images (objects and drawings) was higher than for words. In addition, they were the first authors who used the methods of free recall and associated pairs.

The first attempt to measure the capacity of short term visual memory took place when Jevons (1871) dropped a handful of beans on a table and tried to say how many of them were without counting them. Jevons argued that the limit was a matter of individual differences. Some years later, other investigators have reached similar conclusions (Kaufman, Lord, Reese & Volkmann, 1949). Although studies like those of Brener (1940) of serial memory for colors and those of Sperling (1960), using alphanumeric characters, showed the difficulty to obtain a purely visual measurement due to the influence of verbal codification.

This limitation was solved with the introduction of the “Detection of change paradigm” by Phillips (1974), a methodology that has allowed to study  short term memory capacity in purely visual terms and that have given rise to more relevant approaches like those of Luck & Vogel (1997, 2001). In summary, this communication tries to approach the question of  visual memory as an object of study within Scientific Psychology, from its origins to the present time.

When?

Title: History of Psychology in the new structure of university degrees.

M. Vicenta Mestre

Abstract:

University studies are in a moment of change and uncertainty. In a short time we have lived important changes in the process of university studies reform, without having clear directives to confront it at the present time. These directives guide the construction of new viable curricula for the formation of future psychologists. In July of 2004, Spanish Universities that teach the degree of Psychology presented the “Project of design of Curriculum and Title of Degree in Psychology”, subsidized by the National Agency of Evaluation of the Quality and Accreditation (ANECA). In January of 2006, the Ministry published lists of credits of proposal of University Title of Degree in Psychology with a structure of 180 credits of basic academic formation and 60 credits of additional formation of academic or professional direction. The module of “Psychology, History, Science and Profession” was respected with 5 ECTS credits.

In September 26^th, 2006 the Ministry presented a proposal: “the Organization of University Teaching in Spain” in which substantial changes appeared with respect to the initial Project presented by the Conference of Deans of Faculties of Psychology (White Book) to the ANECA and also to Lists of credits. In general, this proposal indicates that “the university titles of Degree will be organized by great branches of knowledge and all of them will have to adapt to directives for the design of titles of some of them”. The great branches of knowledge are reduced to five: Arts and Humanities, Sciences, Social and Legal Sciences of Health Sciences, Engineering and Architecture. In addition, 60 initial credits are set out in the document of the Ministry that must have a common direction to teach the basic competitions of the knowledge branch to which the degree is assigned. What forecast can we do for the History of Psychology within this reform?  to what extent is it affected by its transversal way?  which is its contribution to learning based on competitions?

When?

Title: The beginnings of  psychotechnics in Spain: The work of the Work Disabled Education Institute of Carabanchel (1922-1929)

María José Monteagudo Soto and Mauricio Chisvert Perales

Abstract:

The beginning of one of the main practical dimensions of psychology, such as professional direction, takes place in Madrid from the Service of Professional Direction of Work Disabled Education Institute. In this service, doctors, psychologists and educators work together with the aim of obtaining a functional readjustment and a professional education for work disabled. Pioneers of psycho-technical and applied psychology in our country like Jose Germain or Mercedes Rodrigo work within this perspective of working in a multidisciplinated way, of use in our days.

For that reason, from this work and in the same line of previously presented works in this forum (Monteagudo and cols 1998, 2000, 2003), we try to analyze the different contributions to the psychotechniques  developed from this Institute in a decade of great development and opening for our country as in the previous years to the II Republic. With this aim, we will review data bases and documentary historical archives, having had access to the complete compilation of the Memories of the Institute that were published from 1924 to 1929.

Among the references that we will analyze as indicatives of the huge work done by the Institute, in the field of psychotechnics and professional orientation, we will emphasize: the organization and operation of the different services of the Institute (medical, psychological and administrative), the instruments of diagnostic and work such as physiological and psicotechnical guidelines, the events developed by the Institute like courses or seminaries, the work of the library, the information received about the development of  applied and psychotechnical psychology in Europe and the United States, the interchanges and visits of professionals from other countries and so on. Through the study of the work developed by the Institute of  Work Disabled Education, we will approach a period of important advances and developments for applied psychology, when the first psychologists like Germain or Rodrigo initiated their studies. Those are considered a period and a work of forced referring for the historical study of our Psychology.

When?

Title: The Metric Scale of Intelligence (1905) and its reception by later Psychology

Juan Antonio Mora Mérida

Abstract:

After the publication by Binet and Simon (1905) of the Metric Scale of Intelligence, a new way of applied Psychology of great social impact begins.

This methodology of measurement of Intelligence was taken to the United States by H.H. Goddard (1866-1957) and was spread widely after the translation to English of the version of 1908, especially from 1916 by L. Terman (1877-1956), at the University of Stanford. This work would be continued later by M.A. Merrill, as can be verified in Terman L.M. & Merrill, M.A. (1937) Stanford-Binet Inteligence Scale (3ª Revision).

This has caused the fact that if we associate the names of Binet-Stanford-Terman-Merrill we will find a collection of tests that measure Intelligence, which include almost a century of applied Psychology.

The most recent publication of the Binet Scales: IV (2003) and Binet: V (2005) is one of the causes by which the work of this pioneer remains recognized in present Psychology.

Based on these materials, we reflect about paradigmatic changes that can be seen in these Scales. Also about if the project that is executed is really the original project of Binet and Simon or we are before expositions that have a minimum of theoretical and methodological coincidence with the original work.

When?

Title: Nature and place of conscience in science. reflections by Charles S.

Marta Morgade Salgado

Abstract:

Throughout a lot of Peirce’s writing, published or manuscripts, it is possible to find multitude of paragraphs dedicated to conscience as a subject to reflect on. As in other subjects in the work of Peirce, about which we have already spoken in other occasions (Morgade, 2002), the treatment that Peirce does of the subject of conscience is multidisciplinary. Peirce, who was very interested in conscience during great part of its life, explored the nature of conscience from different disciplines. Only in texts published until now, we have found a great amount of reflections on the subject in fields like logics, mathematics, metaphysics, biology, astronomy, psychology, and so on. (Morgade, 2004)

That kaleidoscopic vision of the subject of conscience in the work of Peirce is very interesting because of two main reasons. First, for the study of all his work in general terms, following with the work undertaken from last decades by different students about his worlks (Houser, 2006). Secondly -and is the reason that we find more interesting- because it talks about psychology in particular, and about how Peirce understood psychology and why he developed his own psychological  works.

Taking into account that second reason, in this work we are going to explore the nature of conscience for Peirce; whose conception is fundamentally semiotic (Peirce, 1907, MS325). But we will also approach the subject of conscience in a place in which psychology and other fundamental disciplines clearly converge. As Peirce indicated in his essays about the classification of sciences (Peirce, 1902; CP 1,203-283) disciplines like logics, metaphysics, linguistics or semiotics establish basic tools for the development of psychology and at the same time Psychology explores empirically fundamental concepts for the development of science such as perception, memory or conscience. Some of these last concepts were investigated by Peirce in order to develop not only his philosophical thought, but also to advance in his work as an astronomer.

Thus, in this study we review the most significant texts that Peirce dedicated to conscience, with the double aim to emphasize the concept that Peirce handled on conscience and also the relations that he established between the disciplines indicated above in the study of conscience. Among the texts that we review, there are also essays dedicated to psychology and texts of other disciplines, but we also stop in certain letters that Peirce interchanged with his great friend William James (Morgade, 2006) about conscience and psychology.

When?

Title: ELIZA: forty years of virtual therapies

Mario Moro Hernández

Abstract:

In 1964, Joseph Weinzenbaum picked up the glove sent by Turing in his article “Computer Machinery and Intelligence” (Turing, 1950) and two years later (1966), during the congress organized by the Association Computing Machinery (ACM), he presented a computer program with which the user “could maintain a conversation”. With hardly 200 lines of code written in LISP, Weinzenbaum programmed the way of acting of a non-directive rogerian therapist. Since then it has been considered that this virtual therapist called ELIZA is the first programmed “chatter bot”.

ELIZA drew an unusual panorama: from then  machines “could speak”. Moreover, Weizenbaum titled its communication “ELIZA a Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication between Man and Machina”. Nevertheless, whoever that has attended a consultation of such a peculiar therapist, sooner or later accounts that something fails.

The present communication is a work of revision: a critical analysis of ELIZA. We try to show to what extent the strategy followed by Weizenbaum to program the motor of language understanding-production is a good model for the phenomena of understanding and production of language. This analysis will be done by comparing the model that ELIZA offers with other later models such as the understanding-production model of Levelt (1989) or the alternative that offers the Distributed processing in Parallel. Based on these results, an outline of the impact that has had the work of Weizenbaum in later psycholinguistics is also offered (mainly, in the decades of 1970 and 1980, during the hegemony of cognitive psychology in Anglo-Saxon academic psychology). Finally, and as an anecdote, the effectiveness of the use of ELIZA as a therapeutic tool will be reviewed briefly.

When?

Title: Visual and thought illusions: mirages that do not deceive short cuts of mind

Enric Munar, Anna Vilaró, Miquel Torregrosa, Maria Teresa Mas, Anna Renner and  Alejandro Maiche.

Abstract:

In the last two years, a group of professors of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and the Universitat de les Illes Balears have been working in the elaboration of a virtual workshop on visual and cognitive illusions. The workshop is available in http://psicol93.uab.es/ilusions/. This activity tries to approach the intriguing world of mental paradoxes to psychology students and also to general public. This subject has been historically treated by philosophers, physicists and mathematicians from the antiquity (Aristotle, Ptolomeo, Alhazen,…) and still exist controversy regarding the explanations of some of these perceptive and cognitive phenomena. In any case, it is clear from present science that it is a genuinely psychological phenomenon, although is a field which is in strong interrelation with other disciplines.

When entering the workshop, one can choose between “Visual Illusions” or “Illusions of Thought”. Following the proposal of Gregory (1997), Visual Illusions are divided in illusions that have a physical explanation, illusions that have a physiological explanation and illusions that have cognitive explanation. The participant can generate his own route through 7 visual illusions (4 physiological and 3 cognitive) to discover its effects, to manipulate some of the factors that influence the effect and to know some of the most accepted explanations. In addition, the workshop allows measuring the magnitude of false effects in each illusion. When entering to “Illusions of Thought”, the participant can interact with some examples of illusions of thought, also known as heuristic or short cuts of mind. Concretely, there is an example of the effects of framing in decision making based on the classic dilemma of Tvrseky and Kahneman (1981) about the “Asian disease” and an example of the effects of anchorage from an exercise of “intuitive estimation”. In this type of illusions, the workshop also allows “to measure” the supposed effects of the illusion and presents some of the most reasonably developed explanations about these effects.

When?

Title: H. J. Eysenck y su aproximación científica al estudio de la astrología

Anna Muro i Rodríguez and Montserrat Gomà i Freixanet

Abstract:

Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997) was one of the most influential psychologists of our time. He has been a Psychology researcher and teacher of Psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry of London for more than thirty years. He has written and published about 1000 articles in scientific journals and 80 books, all of them considered as definitive contributions to the consolidation of Scientific Psychology of the 20^th Century, especially in the field of Personality and Behavior Therapy. After Freud and Piaget, Eysenck is the most cited psychologist.

Eysenck also explored less well-known areas considered by the orthodox scientific community, one of which was Astrology. He approached this topic between 1975 and 1985, as a result of the data collected by the psychologist and statistical Michel Gauguelin, who had been analyzing great samples of subjects for more than 40 years. This data allowed him to refute but also verify some of the astrological assumptions related to personality. Eysenck was surprised by the rigorous statistical and methodologic properties of  that work and by the few studies in Psychology that could compete with those data. That’s why he initiated his investigation on the planetary effects on personality. His first article “Planets, Stars and Personality” (1975), was published in the journal New Behaviour. In 1978, along with J. May and Or. White, he published an empirical study of the relation between astrological factors and personality in the Journal of Social Psychology.

In 1982 he published a book called “Astrology, Science or Supertition?” along with David Nias in which they presented a review of scientific evidences in favour and against Astrology, analyzing basic astrological assumptions in relation to behavior and personality of human beings, plants, animals or phenomena. At the same time, from 1979 until 1996, Eysenck participated in several seminaries, some of them organized by  himself in the Institute of Psychiatry of London. This implication allowed him to found the “Eysenck Research Seminars”, three international seminaries on the scientific study of Astrology in Long Beach (1986), Friburgo (1987) and Naples (1988). The result of these seminaries was the creation of CORA (Comitee Objective Research in Astrology), in which he was the president along with twelve experts (academic and astrological) with the aim to review and to promote the scientific study of this discipline. The fundamental contribution of Eysenck to Astrology research was the fact that there was an effect that could be explained with methods and suitable observations, and his rejection to simple and unfounded explanations. Hans J. Eysenck is considered a great example of scientist due to his open mind, curiosity and skepticism and because he was one of the firsts to doubt of the paradigms of Astrology and of Psychology, due to his well-known critical attitude and his systematic application of the scientific method in order to explain the roots and development of human behaviour.

When?

Title: The historical roots of theory of mind: The work of James Mark Baldwin

Jordi E. Obiols

Abstract:

The analysis of the historical roots of the Theory of Mind concept, i.e., the mentalizing capacities of the primate brain, is a topic that has received  scarce interest in the literature. The figure and work of James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934) stands both as a case of an historical oblivion of one the greatest American psychologists of all times and as one of the clearest and ignored precursors of many of the fundamental pillars of our modern concept of mentalizing. We review his insights on the development of human cognition through his pioneering method of observation, especially those that share the quality of being analogs or protoconcepts of the theory of mind: the distinction of mental versus non mental, the importance of play and imitation, the basic notion of the ejective-self (a clear-cut definition of our mentalizing ability), among others. Baldwin’s influence on the most recognized precedent of theory of mind, the Swiss Jean Piaget, is also reviewed. Finally, the possible reasons why his figure and work have been in somewhat ignored throughout the XXth century are explored.

When?

Title: Some applications of psychology in the 1920’s and30’s in France :Self Government and business management .

Annick Ohayon,

Abstract:

Beside the so-called « École psychotechnique française », represented at the beginning of the XXth Century by Henri Pièron, Jean Maurice Lahy and Édouard Toulouse, another wider and more eclectic trend appears in 1920’s. It is based on suggestion and auto-suggestion, in the same way as Ambroise Liébault and Émile Coué’s  « seconde École de Nancy »

It refers to psychoanalysis, Pavlov’s and Bechterev’s reflexology, Janet’s « psychologie de la conduite », Bergson’s philosophy as well as to Taylor and Fayol’s s Scientific Organisation of Work, without noting any contradiction between them.

The leaders of this movement clearly claim its commercial and popular vocation. Their targets are executives, businessmen, managers, and also the modernist  catholics who aim to solve social conflicts with the help of moral sciences.

The main representatives (most of them non-psychologists) of this movement belong to the group of 1930’s« non-conformists » or to personnalism. Impressed by the economic and moral crisis of 1929 and by  the events of June 1936, they are trying to reconstruct the « civilized man » to avoid the coming war.

In this paper, I’ll present two significant institutions of this trend: first pelmanism and its revue La psychologie et la vie, and secondly the economic humanism of Jean Coutrot, and he Centre d’études des problèmes humains. I’ll especially underline the role of some psychologists and psychoanalysts during this period.

When?

Title: Forgotten women in history of psychology: pioneers in measuring instruments.

Alba Orteu Aubach

Abstract:

The present work tries to rescue the contribution of women to Psychology from forgetfulness, especially the contributions of women in the design of measuring instruments (Tests of Intelligence, Tests of Personality, etc.). This work is framed within a wider investigation titled “Women gifts to the History of Psychology: Exposition and Educational Activities” that is subsidized by the “Institut Català de la Dona” and the Faculty of Psychology of the UB, and carried out by the following researchers: Alba Orteu (PhD Student), Dr. Montserrat Moreno, Dr. Genoveva Sastre, Dr. Neus Roca, Dr. Blanca Anguera and Dr. Mari Carmen Giménez (project coordinator).  

The entrance of women in the world of Psychology has been difficult and delayed, due to the difficulties that they had by the fact of being women, to accede to universities. In spite of this, there have been a considerable number of them who have developed a long professional career in Psychology. However, their role has not been considered in narrations of History of Psychology. For that reason, forgetfulness towards these women who dedicated their professional career to Psychology has to be recognized. 

This invisibility and forgetfulness can be observed in different aspects such as: the non reconsideration of their work in the transmission of history (narration of history does not specify); the non appearance of these women in many manuals in spite of having extensive work and influences; to be mentioned with neutral articles or initial characters of their name, masculine synonymous and so on.

Nevertheless, we know that a considerable number of psychological instruments of measurement, many of which are being used nowadays, have been created and developed by women.

For that reason, the aims of this poster are:

1. To make visible those psychologists women who have contributed in the design and work of measurement instruments in Psychology.

2. To reconstruct the History of Psychology, demystifying the idea that the pioneers of the History of Psychology have been only men.

In this poster we present:

1. Brief biographical description of each psychologist women pioneering in the instruments of the measurement.

2. Work listing (approx 500 works) that they have contributed related to psychological instruments of measurement.

3. Presentation of a dossier with some of these representative works.

4. Presentation of some of the measuring instruments created by these women, who continue being used nowadays, like the Gestalt vasomotor Test for children or the Bender Test.

When?

Title: Bergson and the idea of the unconscious.

Juan Padilla Moreno

Abstract: 

This work studies the idea of the unconscious of Henri Bergson (1859-1941), which is closely related to his psychological and philosophical thought, that has received little attention in the scope of psychology and that has great originality in my opinion. 

The subject is located in the context of the problem of the conception of the unconscious at the end of the 19^th century and the beginnings of the 20^th (Dilthey, Brentano, James, Freud). Starting from psychology courses dictated by Bergson in 1887-88 and 1892-93, about his work called Essai sur les données inmédiates of conscience (1889) and mainly of Matière ET mémoire (1896), the sense of conscience in the psychology of Bergson is conceptualised as a function of alive body, which consists on the selection of images with views to action.  

After stating the narrow mutual understanding between present perception and memory, we ask for the vital sense of the accumulation of useless memories and for the conservation, in a latency estate, of all the images and all the experiences. For Bergson the past is retained in its integrity, illuminating the conscience, solely the parcel that is necessary for action –in a similar way to how the own conscience trims a parcel in the infinity of impressions that we receive from the matter.  

Bergson thinks that the extension of the present is given by the conscience of the own body, and that it is variable. All that is retained in memory (the totality of the past) can become conscious under certain circumstances (before the imminence of the death, for example) and is acting (unconsciously) on the conscience and on the present, constituting what he calls “character”. 

We then study how he applies his idea of the unconscious to the intellect of dreams, parapsychological phenomena and other phenomena such as “memory of the present” or “false recognition”.  

According to his thought, the relation that can be established between unconscious, intuition (as a form of conscience different from intelligence and instincts) and moral conscience is analyzed.

Throughout the study we consider the evolution of Bergson’s ideas on the topic from the negation of the possibility of unconscious psychological facts in the 1887-88 course to his discussion on this subject in the “Société française of philosophie” (25 November 1909). The aim is to determine the relation between the method of Bergson and scientific psychology of his time

When?

Title: To watch and to punish. A genealogical analysis of modern subjectivity.

Juan Pastor Martín and Anastasio Ovejero Bernal

Abstract:

In this work we are going to present firstly the foucaultian genealogy as an analysis, made on historical materials at three levels: analysis of power relations (how the power is exerted), formation of knowledge, and processes of construction of subjectivity. As it is well-known, Foucault directs his genealogical analysis where the exercise of power is more evident: the Psychiatric Hospital, prison, disease or sexuality (in foucaultian archaeology the question of power is practically absent; reason why we could maintain that foucaultian genealogy is a redefinition of its archaeology, including the question of power). This foucaultian genealogy is developed fundamentally in the last works of the French thinker: To watch and to punish, and volumes two and three of his History of sexuality (The use of pleasures and The restlessness of yes).

In this work we are going to focus on the third level of analysis (processes of construction of modern subjectivity);  in particular, we are going to stop in his work To watch and To punish, which is a genealogical analysis of the transit between a stage where prevails a visible and direct punishment over the body and another one where this punishment is replaced by the most effective vigilance (at the end of century XVIII, a new form of punishment appears that is not longer going to punish crimes but delinquents, this is, dangerous individuals that are precise to know, to watch and to control).

To watch and to punish supposes an extraordinary genealogical analysis of the processes of construction of the modern subject of the economic liberalism and Capitalism of industrial production: a docile, submissive, full of duties and individualized subject. This individualization takes place through new devices and technologies of power, fundamentally through psychological examinations that allow to individualize and to classify subjects. As it is obvious, we will also take into account the analysis of new knowledge that arises at this time: criminology, but also political economy. Our work tries to present some pertinent foucaultian elements, according to our point of view, to make a genealogy of the modern subjectivity as well as to watch new possibilities of subjectivity and freedom.

When?

Title: Past and present of the Spanish Sport Psychology. Reality or fiction?

Francisco Pérez Fernández

Abstract:

Spanish Sport Psychology, whose institutional origins go back to the middle of the 80’s, went trough a more popular and mediatic than real expansion in the Olympic Games of Barcelona (1992). Nevertheless, although it interested many professionals at that time, it has returned to be a secondary topic, perhaps due to his complex theoretical condition of “Psychology of…”, or maybe because of the difficulties and resistance related to its professionalism process. The intrusism, the lack of academic penetration, the little confidence that has generated the irruption of the psychologist in closed and traditionalistic surroundings and the limitations of the market, have not  helped much an applied field such as Sport Psychology in which it seems to be a lot of literature but a lack of reality.

When?

Title: Vygotsky’s historic-cultural theory: some landmarks to its origin and its reach

Adolfo Perinat

Abstract:

The cultural historical theory is one of the most relevant pieces of Vygotsky’s thought. As usual in those cases, is not absolutely original of him but has its antecedents in a way of thinking of the Russian thought of the time that reacts against the mechanist and materialistic conception of psyche and its development. It has also influences from Marx’s doctrines although its formulation comes from Engels’s ideas about the origin of human beings. What is not usually indicated is that the sociocultural theory has two faces: on the one hand it tries to demonstrate that human psyche has been constituted through an historical process even such process is not outlined by Vygotsky; on the other hand it wants to take into account the steps that humanity has followed until taking control of certain cultural artifices (tools) to translate them into pedagogical guidelines of their own acquisition. Concretely, memory artifices (mnemotechnics) or writing or calculation. In this facet there is also an implicit project that is not implemented. By all these circumstances, the thesis maintained here is that the cultural historical theory remains in an attractive and ambitious formulation. But to develop it, was (and still is) not possible, not only because of the political circumstances of the moment at which it was expressed (and in spite of the best intentions of the author and collaborators) but by its immoderation, that rises from the handling of the data of the history of human culture and also from theoretical problems, such as giving a progressive profile to its crazy diversity and to show how historical profits are mutated into psychological ones.

When?

Title: From functionalism to social history of categories. New notes for a genealogy of I. Meyerson’s concept of “psychological function”.

Noemí Pizarroso

Abstract:

In the project for an historical psychology that Meyerson (1888-1983) presents in Les fonctions psychologiques et les oeuvres (1948) and which he will develop throughout his course in the EPHE from 1950, the dominion of the psychological appears treated in terms of “function” in explicit opposition to the “tendency to make mental facts substantial” that is the base of a vast part of psychology. The position of Meyerson pleads for a genetic psychology in very similar terms to which American functionalism of principles of century defends, marked by Darwinist evolutionism. This direction is the first sign of distance from his uncle’s epistemology (Emile Meyerson) whose system seems to drag the same fixation that has paralyzed the development of biological and psychological sciences, in opinion of his own disciple (see correspondence around 1924). The genetic perspective of Meyerson will be oriented towards ontogenesis in the twenties and thirties, in narrow collaboration with J. Piaget (like can be seen through the correspondence that both maintain). Nevertheless, Meyerson will end up clearly praising towards a historiogenetic perspective. The project for a history of psychological functions through the works that he proposes in his dissertation is the main expression of his inclination that converges totally with the project that durkheimian sociologists (and especially Ms. Mauss) are carrying out about a social history of categories. Thus, as indicated by Brave B., when Meyerson talks about psychological phenomena, he’s not talking only about which is commonly understood in psychology but about what the Durkheimian School has called “social conscience” or “collective soul” and to which the idealistic historicism has called “spirit”.

In the work that we present, we try to take into account the relation of Meyerson with these three great areas (the first functionalism in psychology, the Durkheimian School and idealistic historicism, especially through the version adopted by the “Psicologia de los Pueblos”). We try to clarify the concept of “psychological function” that Meyerson handles and that provoked so many critics among readers.

When?

Title: The beginnings of applied psychology in France

Régine Plas

Abstract:

In France, applied psychology came into existence at the beginning of the nineteenth century, with Alfred Binet’s work. After the publication, in 1905, of the 1^st version of his famous test, the 1^st “classes de perfectionnement” (remedial classes) for retarded children were created on a trial basis. In his “laboratoire-école” (experimental school) in Grange-aux-Belles street, in Paris, Binet elaborated new teaching aids for these mentally deficient children.

Before World War I, applied psychology was also developed by Jean-Maurice Lahy who carried out researches about vocational training and psychology applied to the work place.

After the war, psychology was requested to help solve the problems posed by the changing society and its scientific and technical changes. It was the beginning of the professionalization of applied psychology with, in 1920, the founding of the Institute of psychology by Henri Piéron which was followed, in 1924, by the 1^st French laboratory in psychotechnics, created by Lahy and, in 1928, of the National Institute created to give advice on courses and careers (Institut national d’orientation professionnelle), directed by Piéron, Henri Laugier and Julien Fontègne.

Keywords: Applied psychology, psychotechnics, careers advice.

When?

Title: Ideology and philosophical-psychological Literature in the Spain of the beginning of S. XIX. The precursory work of G.M. of Jovellanos (1794-1802)

J. Quintana Fernández

Abstract:

Understood as frame around must to be constructed the philosophical system, globally considered, about the man, in his diverse dimensions (psychological, linguistic-grammar, ethical, aesthetic, etc.), the "Ideology" took its form in a defined and clearly way in the work “Elements d'Idéologie”, divided in three parts: Ideology itself, (1801), general Grammar (1803) and Logic (1805), written by Destutt de Tracy in such dates. The immediate doctrinal inspiration of this work was in the Test of Locke (1690) and in the Logic of Condillac (1780).

Its influence in Spain was prepared, still in XVIII century, by the translations of the Logic of Condillac (for Calzada, 1784, and by Foronda, 1789), by publication of the System of Logic of R. Campos (1791), and also by the publication of the Grammars of González Valdés (1791, 1792). On the other hand, still having itself produced these preludes, the treaty of Destutt de Tracy (1801)no arrived to be translated to the Castilian until 1821. Between both dates, applied diverse studies were made specially in Spain from the Ideology to the scientific study of the diverse fields that were own to him, specially to the one of the language: such were, for example, the works of R. Campos (1803), of J.M. Alea (1803-1805), J. F. Reinoso (1816) or of J. M. Calleja (1818).

In spite of the newness that involved the new doctrine, we do not know that some of them made the effort to design a concrete proposal of integration of the same one in the Plans of the Reformation of the Studies, in its diverse branches, that then were tried. However, institutionally, the Regulation of Studies of 1821 came to equip a Chair with Ideology in the just created Central University (Madrid). The Quintana Report (1813), of which this Regulation was reflected, not even mentioned still a subject with such denomination.

Then, located in this context, characterized by the doctrinal influence of the illustration, the present work tries to give answer to the following question: at what concrete moment of the history of the Spanish philosophical-psychological thought, was considered in a direct way the necessity of to integrate the Ideology in the Plans of the Reformation of the studies of Humanities and University?

It’s our objective show, through the historical analysis, that an answer adapted to this question has to necessarily pass through a detailed study of the pedagogical treaties that the most illustrious figure of the Spanish Illustration, D. G. M. de Jovellanos, wrote between years 1794 and 1802, in parallel, partly, to the intellectual elaboration that the own Destutt de Tracy was making of his ideological vision of the Philosophy.

When?

Title: The influence of the thought and work of Santiago Ramon and Cajal in psychology: a scientific vision of cognition, emotion and conscience.

Diego Redolar Ripoll

Abstract:

One hundred years after the concession of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine to Santiago Ramón y Cajal, his work is not obsolete but  also promotes the necessity of a second reading from the new scientific scenes of the 21st century. During his entire scientific trajectory, Cajal obtained excellent and incomparable observations by means of the handling of different scientific methods that were also used by other researchers of the time. The difference between the essence of Cajal’s contributions and those of the rest of the scientific community was his interpretations based on a continuous, exhaustive, arduous and conscientious work. Reaching the interpretation of the mind by means of the analysis of the structure of the adult or developing nervous system, becomes an exaltation of creativity that Cajal applies to all his studies. The present work tries to explain how his work and thought approaches aspects that are still a subject of study in psychology. In the first place, we focus on Cajal’s vision about different cognitive processes such as learning and memory when he applied the structural analysis of the cerebral cortex and its functional interpretation. We also approach his vision about neural correlates of emotional answers and feelings, to finalize with his prevision about how conscience could be fruit of the activity of the brain. Nowadays the importance that the theories of Santiago Ramón y Cajal had in the genesis of some of the essential postulates of cognitive neurosciences and psychology is unquestionable, since his work and thought showed a deep preoccupation for what today we know as cognitive or emotional information processing and for the involvement of neurobiology in superior functions of the brain such as conscience.

When?

Title: Applications of the Psychology to the Economy in the work of D. Kahneman

Francisco José Robles Rodríguez and Vicente Caballero de la Torre

Abstract:

Economical Psychology is, presently, a Psychology and Economics specific real set of (working) knowledge.  This knowledge implies a “hybrid discipline” that shows a growing presence in Universities and in qualified papers and periodicals too.  Economical Psychology history starts when Gabriel Tarde (died at 1904) brings out his book Psychologie économique (1902)   Tarde contends that the “fathers” of Political Economics theorized on the strength of the homo oeconomicus ideal, instead of working about the homo psicologicus notion.  However, Psychologie économique did not have important repercussions due to Durkheim Structuralism hegemony and to the first half of twentieth century economical reality.  New psycho-economical considerations will appear at 60s decade.  The consumer society and the welfare state led to new thoughts.  Up to now, some eminences are focal points of Economical Psychology history: Abraham Maslow, George Katona and, finally, Daniel Kahneman (who applies gestalt fundamentals to making decisions process).  In fact, at 60s the A. Maslow’s theory applied to the economic organization and management of the firms was a real counterattack against the classic model.  This model lays the foundations of management in the prevention of opportunism and in the anthropologic ideal of the homo oeconomicus.  On the other hand, and at the 60s decade too, G. Katona asserted that the big economical crises are due to micro-economical phenomena that everybody knows.  The analysis of these phenomena provides better explanations than the macro-economical ones.  Finally, Daniel Kahneman –who won the Economics Nobel Prize in 2002 and who is a disciple of the 1978 Economic Nobel Prize Herbert Simon- presents how motivations influence on the human taking choices system at the same way that influence on perceptions too.  The extra-linguistic frame -and the absence of neutrality detected in verbal (or written) descriptions of a situation- implies an important distortion when we take into account different kinds of choices.  The effect seems like the gestalt reversibility (figure-background of a picture) in some ambivalent perceptive situations. 

Keywords: “economical psychology”, “Gabriel Tarde”, “Abraham Maslow”, “George Katona”, “Daniel Kahneman”.

When?

Title: Social action, criminological psychology and first praxis: the ways of the Dr Esquerdo and Francisco Machado

Jesús Rodríguez-Marín, Esther Sitges, Fernando Miró, Beatriz Bonete, Carmen Jarabe and Francisco Bernabéu.

Abstract:

The fact that today psychology is recognized by the criminology as one of their mother sciences and, perhaps, its main source of methods and scientific techniques maybe is because, among other multiple factors, to the work of professionals who, from scientific branches and diverse offices applied some of the psychological techniques for the improvement of the society.

Paradigmatic case in this sense is the Dr Esquerdo, a doctor born in Villajoyosa (Alicante, Spain) in 1842 and enthusiastic in modernizing the treatment of the mental diseases. He was a member of the Madrilenian School of Psychiatry, that Simarro and Jaime Vera constituted with him among others, and whose central personage and initiator was Pedro Mata. The work of the Dr Esquerdo is impregnated of the positivist perspective.

In fact, himself was included between those who "do not cultivate the cabinet medicine, but the one of the mental diseases centers, that is based on the observation and arises from the experience." The own Esquerdo replaced the term "disease center" by the one of "mental sanatorium", to emphasize its conception about the attendance to the lunatic ones: the iron doors and the extreme monitoring had to be replaced by abundant and instructed personnel. But the contributions to the criminology of Esquerdo emphasize with respect to the expert information.  Thus, his intervention in one of the more impressive criminal events of the history of Spain: the murders of Garayo, the Sacamantecas, used to start up an important offensive of the professionals of the Medicine to obtain that the judges accepted their opinions and marked a new form to act of the experts in justice.

In relation to other aspects of the criminality at the beginning of the XX Century, Francisco Machado, brother of great poet Antonio Machado, applied, as a director of the reformatory of adults in Alicante, a new conception of the penitentiary regime where the pain was oriented towards the social readjustment of the delinquent. This lawyer, published diverse articles in the magazine ”Progreso Penitenciario” ( Penitentiary Progress), where he pleaded for the importance of education, the work and the culture for the reintegration of the inmates.

The theses of the social reeducación, or the special prevention by means of the treatment of the delinquent during the application of the penal sanction for the treatment of the deviation factors and their future insertion in the society, already were present in the criminological theories in Spain, but they had not been taken to the practice. Francisco Machado, like the Dr Esquerdo, was a exception in this fact, and began to apply programs of psycho-social intervention in penitentiary centers, today accepted and used frequently, like the importance in education and the work.

The common thread that put together this two different personages is not, then, the one who both applied in the province of Alicante (more of a century ago), practical concepts and methods that today are recognized by psychology, but its eagerness to improve the society applying the knowledge that began to form the one that would be the psychology of the XXI century.

When?

Title: Conceptual history of attention
 

J. Rosselló, E. Munar, P. Obrador and E. Cardell.

Abstract:

The diverse nature of attention has favoured that, throughout the history of thought, scholars have understood it in very different ways. Right up to nowadays, there are some reminiscences of several controversies arised from that plurality of points of view. In this paper, we outline a systematic account of the historical evolution of varieties of attention, arranging our statement in according with two basic axis. The first one is relying on the different ways of conceiving attention all through the history: those that have conceived it like volition, consciousness binding agent, cognitive clarity, selective process, set or preperception, motor act or aperception. Furthermore, we expound each conceptual choice according to a second axis, that outlines three great historical stages in the attentional study: the Phenomenological Period (from the ancient Greece to the beginning of the 18^th Century), when phenomenical approaches prevailed, the Descriptive Period (from 18^th to19^th Century), which time gave rise to the first theoretical systematization and the initial boom of empirical research, and the Experimental Period, that began near the starting years of Modern Psychology, at the end of the 19^th Century. Finally, we discuss, since the birth of Behaviourism, the evolution of this field of knowledge, emphasizing the fact that technical and formal advances attained at the second half of 20^th Century, have often led psychologists of attention to the odd feeling that they’ve got revolutionary methods to study the same old questions.

Keywords: attention, history of psychology, volition, preperception, motor act, aperception

When?

Title: Publicity without Psychology? Prat-Gaballí, Bori and Gardó in the vanguard of the entrance of the psychological ideas in the Spanish advertising world.

Milagros Sáiz and Dolors Sáiz

Abstract:

There were several reasons that caused the sprouting of the psychology applied, between which it is possible to emphasize, like one of most important, the great industrial growth that took place at the end of the XIX century, that had as a consequence an economic height that was going to produce between the industrialists and retailers the phenomenon of the competition of their products. It was required, then, external knowledge to the own industry to reach the levels of required sales.

Thus, the bourgeois revolution and the new industrialization of the XIX century arrived at the new century bringing with him the market from the marks and desire from the incorporation from their manufactures in the same one, forcing the industrialists to adopt different measures that guaranteed the sale of their products.

The publicity separated of the archaic to announce, typical forms of the Medieval Age, developed new advertising systems that resorted to the Art (Modernism, Newcentism, Art-Déco, Realism...), to the Technique (lithography, typography...) and to Psychology (creation of necessities, to call the attention, to wake up the interest...).

In the vanguard of the ideas entrance of the "new psychology" to the Spanish advertising frame are authors like Pere Prat Gaballí, Rafael Bori and Jose Gardó. Prat Gaballí would promote initially the application of psychology to the commercial land through its book "the scientific publicity" (1917), where in his scheme about the previous studies and works to the development of an advertising campaign it would frame clearly the necessity of the use of psycho-techniques in resolution of memory problems, attention, interest, desire and will.

Later other books would arrive from Prat where it would present the advances of the experimental psychology, the contributions of psychologists applied to the publicity and psychological theories of the great authors and currents of the moment. Bori and Gardó will follow the wake of the teacher and will defend with emphasis the necessity of psychology in the advertising scope, affirming that "the knowledge of psychology is indispensable to the technician in publicity".

Our communication is focused in the work and contributions of these three authors in the frame of intersection between psychology and publicity, arriving - without developing it because it has been already presented in the SEHP by ourselves - until the sprouting of the Seminary of Publicity of the Institut Psicotècnic de la Generalitat, where Bori would work as Secretary, Chleusebairgue as Director and would count on the unquestionable figure of Emilio Mira i Lopez.

When?

Title: The psychological evaluation of the delinquent minor: The initial work of Pedragosa, Folch, Basols and Piquer

Milagros Sáiz, Dolors Sáiz, Miguel Ángel Soria and Rocío Pina

Abstract:

At the beginning of the XX century, the protection and defence of children, as well as their trusteeship, was object of preoccupation in the entire western world. It was known that the infantile delinquency was the main cause of the adult delinquency and, was supposed, that the Tutelary Courts of Minors could be an effective way to avoid it and an insurance to fight the criminality. In many places it had been undertaken the constitution of those special courts for children (in the United States in 1899, in Europe since 1903) and in some cities, like Barcelona, since half-full of the XIX century, they had prepared the field and created different institutions that fulfilled the work of defense and protection, as well as of educative instruction, needing only the legislative part.

In this context, started a progressive change of mentality with respect to the delinquency of the minor: no longer it was a subject of committed crime but a problem of conduct. Each young one was a tactical mission with his peculiar characteristics, where they took part different aspects, personal, moral, environmental aspects, etc. All a plot of psychological aspects that had to be observed, to be measured and to be evaluated. Thus the opinion of the Psychology of the youthful delinquency began to play an important role.

In a previous work, we saw that with the approval in Spain of the Courts for children, appeared, in 1921, the Tutelary of Minors of Barcelona, showing that with him, demonstrated the necessity to give support, in a official way, to the judges with psychological information that could help the determination of the reorientation (agreement or pain) that had to occur to the minor.

In that general vision we saw the penal process and operation of the Tutelary and described, in that frame, its relations with the psychological Laboratory of the "Grup Benèfic" (Non Profit Group) with a function of evaluating minors. Because of  we could not extend nor the psychological previously activity that Pedragosa had begun, nor the one that later would be deepened by Folch i Torres, in this poster we want to do it, focusing in these authors and approaching us the proposals of Bassols and Piquer who would work ahead in this area in the future.

When?

Title: The democratic commitment of the parents of scientific psychology in Spain

Sergio Sánchez Collantes

Abstract:

Urbano González Serrano (1848-1904), Luis Simarro (1851-1921), Nicolas Salmerón (1837-1908), Francisco Giner (1839-1915) or Jose Maria Esquerdo (1842-1912), to mention only some examples. What had in common these famous personages? All of them approached Psychology - or, more concretely, to some aspect of same - and any historian of that one he will include them immediately within that set of referring forced at the time of studying his origins like scientific discipline in Spain. Of course, to emphasize this does not suppose a contribution; the truly interesting thing is that, in addition, all of them professed, of more or less active way, republican ideas.

During great part of the XIX century, the republicanism was conceived as a  synonymous of democracy, mainly by its firm defence of the rights and fundamental liberties of the individual: freedom of expression, cults, education, meeting and association; also universal suffrage, and abolition of the slavery and the capital punishment (death row); the bet by the laicism and the secularisation, the progress, the modernization, etc.

Salmerón was one of the four presidents of the Republic of 1873 and Esquerdo get to the front of one of the three great existing parties of that sign in the decade of 1890, whereas, between the pictures of exemplary republicans whom the compatible press published, was the one of some of them, like the one of González Serrano that is included in this communication.

Within the aspirations of the republicanism which they were common to masonry told to the democratisation of the country, which explains the property to this one of many republicans, double militancy which we found in Simarro, that it got to be Great Master of the Great Spanish East between 1917 and 1921. All of that, the communication shows the commitment democratic-republican of first who in Spain get worried about Psychology; it makes a review of which usually considers here the parents of Psychology, but not treating his contributions to this science, already known, but that the used wire is their  defense of the democratic ideation.

The objective is, in a interdisciplinary may, to make some contributions from the History in general, and the socio-political history in particular, that could be useful to the History of the Psychology, for example, to open a line of investigation that calibrates and assays possible nexuses or relations between the political ideology professed by the students who opened to these lines and certain facets of their scientific works; or so that these are framed of more precise way in the context in that they were developed, because of some points of the ideations with which they agreed, concerned manifestly to aspects that conditioned the development of own Psychology as science (think in the freedom of education and chair), which could, partly, to explain that many of these intellectuals evolucionate towards a political option that would be to smooth the march of its professional activity.

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Title: Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): considerations about the war

M. Sanchez de Miguel, Angel Gonzalez Alonso and Ramón Alzate Saez de Heredia.

Abstract:

150 years after the birth of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), we gather in the present communication some episodes of his life closely related to the war, his experience of the same one, the causes and their possible prevention, everything as a continuation to the series of studies dedicated to the psychologists for the peace, initiated by this team in January 2006.

Although the infantile games of Freud and their stage of adolescent reflected a flirt with the war and with the military strategy, his experience during the military service (1879) and the later military manoeuvres in Olmütz (1886) reveal a critical to the organization of the army and its hierarchy, so as it is related in the correspondence maintained with Breuer (1842-1925). Nevertheless, in the beginning of the I World War (1914) the initial patriotic and militarists spirits are combined that Jones (1989) portrays in the biography of Freud, with a cruel and hard irony that is declared in the correspondence with the Dutch psychopathologist Frederik Van Eeden (1860-1932) and in letters directed to Sandor Ferenczi (1873-1933).

With all this information, the article written by Freud titled "present time considerations on the war and the death" (1915) and possibly published under pressures of the publishing house of the Imago magazine, keep awake in almost their totality the full sentence of Freud to the war, its means and their aims to us, subject therefore, present nowadays. In him, we found a tremendously critical Freud with the monopoly of the power and the instrumental manipulation of the individual, concluding that the first victim of the war is the truth. It was followed by the well-known works "Beyond the principle of the pleasure" (1920), "The future of an illusion" (1927) or popular "The malaise in the culture" (1930), although, in the present work we will be centred specially in analysing the less well-known correspondence maintained with Albert Einstein (1879-1955), compiled in his complete works under the title Why the war? (1933).

In this work, questions like the aggressive image of the enemy, tendencies, their subliming and the education of the people, appear in that rich interchange of opinions maintained with the physicist and author of the theory of the relativity, who in a incessant way consulted to Freud what is supposed to make from a psychological perspective to avoid to the men the destiny of the war. Protected in the cultural development and the affective union between the human beings (Knowledge and love, Logo and Eros), Freud watches a pacification means, although in the politician, he anticipates the possibility of founding a central power to assign the solution of all the conflicts of interests, subscribing the assignment of League of Nations (1919-1946).

We finalized the present revision, with his "organic" justification to be pacifist, with his doses of scepticism, their appeal to the affective bows and a true cultural evolution, and his vindication to Eros like antagonist to the pulsions of destruction.

Key Keywords: War, Psychologists for The Peace, Pulsions.

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Title: To a critic of contemporary constructivisms

José Carlos Sánchez González and José Carlos Loredo Narciandi

Abstract:

We offer a system of criteria aiming at the analysis and classification of classic and current constructivisms. The key feature of constructivism is the genetic conception of the psychological function. Functional genesis means subjectual production of both knowledge and adaptation. It is opposed to geneticist, neural or sociological reductionism. This viewpoint goes back to Kant and becomes a mature evolutionary psychobiological and social theory in Baldwin’s, Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s works. It is opposed to both subjectivism and objectivism. Objectivism reduces activity to independent realities, as the genes, the brain, or computational mechanics. Dualism, irrationality and individuality are the characteristic traits of subjectivist conception of psychological activity. Subjectivism goes back to Plato’s definition of the irrational soul –the lower functions- which was a desire slave and was unable to produce reliable knowledge. Hence subjectivism and objectivism are both ways of distortion or destruction of constructivism and its genetic perspective. Their influence is obvious inside the constructivism itself, and this helps us to understand the nature an limitations of very different constructivist approaches.  We represent in a table our criteria and briefly offer some examples.

Key words: Constructivism. Positivism. Pragmatism. Objectivism. Subjectivism.

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Title: The broken reality. Dalí, Pujols and Freud: affinities and psychological aesthetic

Iván Sánchez Moreno and Norma Ramos Díaz

Abstract:

Francesc Pujols, free-minder philosopher; Sigmund Freud, founding psychiatrist of the psychoanalysis; and Salvador Dalí, surrealist artist disciple of both, shared the intention to objective the subjectivity.

All of them recognized one (ir)reality beyond the immediately cognoscible reality, and all of them conceived the art as a positivist instrument to systematize the showed important phenomena in the concretion. Pujols pleading for the tangibility of the ideal, Dalí aspiring to transmit the irrational, and Freud trying to clarify how the conscience attests the existence of the unconscious.

Freud exposes the incapacity to apprehend the tangible world from the senses, as well as to apprehend the unconscious by means of the conscience; but, and in agreement with Dalí and Pujols, it does not mean that we do not have to understand and to systematize its reflections, as well as the mechanisms of which these are showed to us.

Dalí gathers the pujolsian hiperxiologic system and concepts of Freudian dynamic psychology to establish his method paranoid-critic of conquest of the irrational (moving away from the surrealist group) through the art, in his case, figurative. He establishes the activity paranoid-critic as a spontaneous method of rational knowledge, based on the association interpretative-critic of emergent delirious phenomena from the confrontation with recurrent obsessive images. Dalí leaves from the concretion (the visible thing) promote of delirious and associative phenomena to find the underlying idea (hidden it). For the necessary systematisation of his rational conquest, he shaped in his works images that generate paranoid-critic activities in the aesthetic experience.

The biggest description of his method of conquest of the irrational applied in a specific case is in his book “The tragic myth of the Angelus de Millet", where he shows his paranoid-critic activity in front of this work, by which he felt a strong obsession from his childhood.

The indifference of Freud towards the surrealist group was because of he doesn’t understand the intentions and objectives of their art, and to the tense relation that maintained with Breton. In contrast, Freud felt certain predilection by Dalí considered “the young Spanish with fanatic eyes"... “In any case, there are serious psychological problems". Thus, that’s how it was (in 1938) agreed the first and only interview between Dalí and Freud. It seems that the painter did not fulfilled his expectations to deepen about his method paranoid-critic by means of the analysis of some of his works, because Freud seemed to only be interested, according to words of the own Dalí, by his own theories.

So, by means of the argumentation and the comparison, the present article tries to establish a connection between the theoretical intentions of Pujols, Dalí and Freud to objetivate the subjectivity.

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Title: A preliminary approach to the investigations of W. H. Gantt and H. S. Liddell about the experimental neuroses and their importance for North American Psychiatry (1930-1950)

Natividad Sánchez and Gabriel Ruiz

Abstract:

From the experiments that M. N. Erofeeva and N. R. Shenger-Krestovnikova made in the laboratory of I. P. Pavlov, the investigations on the experimental neuroses made a great interest in North American psychiatry between 1930 and 1950. Although these works were made in the animal laboratory, they thought that their results had a great meaning for the human psychopathology, a field traditionally dominated by phenomenological and psychoanalytic approaches.

In this work we raised one first approach to the historical analysis of both more important research programs about the experimental neuroses made in the U.S.A.: the program of William H. Gantt in the University Johns Hopkins and the one of Howard S. Liddell in the University of Cornell.

The studies of Gantt and Liddell with "neurotic animals" showed that it was possible to study the psychiatric diseases in the laboratory. Until that moment, which was known about the abnormal conduct had been learned of the study with mental patients and how these responded to the different treatments. From 1930, many psychiatrists who defended the experimental investigation fixed their attention to the experimental neurosis and the National Research Council created in 1937 a special committee - Committee on the Problem of Neurotic Behavior- to value the viability to investigate the disorders of conduct in the animal laboratory (a task that would reunite psychiatrists and experimental psychologists). The first activity of the committee consisted in organizing a meeting that same year with the title "Conference on Experimental Neurosis".

In this conference, Gantt and Liddell were present, as well as the psychologist Clark L. Hull of the Institute of Human Relations of Yale, another one of the important centers in which experimental studies with animals of laboratory of great clinical meaning – for example the made ones by O. H. Mowrer and N. E. Miller -. In this meeting, the participants recognized the validity of the experimental neurosis as a method to produce different pathological states (psychosis including) in the laboratory.

This model also symbolized a new way to understand the relations between science of laboratory and the clinical psychiatry, in which this last one could get to be an objective science, not as much by the fact that the experimenters went to the psychiatric hospitals, whatever because these studies showed a way to make the psychiatric problems in the laboratory visible. Using primary sources and material of files, we will make an historical study of the experiments on the experimental neuroses made by Gantt and Liddell and we will evaluate the impact of these works in psychiatry and later clinical psychology to II World War.

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Title: An historical image of foreign psychology in the first years of the pro-Franco dictatorship

Rosa Sos Peña and Antonia Roig Ballester

Abstract: 

In this work we analyse the influence of foreign psychology in the development of Spanish psychology in the first years of government of the pro-Franco dictatorship. For it, with a historical-metric methodology we reviewed one of few means of expression of the Spanish psychologists, the Magazine of General and Applied Psychology, since its creation, year 1946, as a publication of the National Institute of Psycho-techniques, organ of expression of the psychological studies, to 1950, in which the improvement of the international situation of our country began.

Then the economic and industrial takeoff began. The magazine began being of semester publication, but in 1947 it becomes a three-month magazine, directed by Jose Germain. We have analysed the foreign authors on whom information in the magazine is offered, considering the centers to which they belong to establish their nationality. With the objective to understand the slow evolution but progressive development of the psychology, submissive the ups and downs of the economic, social and educative policy of the post-war period. In 1936, the Civil War forbidden the publication, and supposed a rupture.

When finalizing, in Spain predominated the poverty, lack of foods, unemployment, political persecutions. Many psychologists of prestige had to exile themselves. During the first years of the post-war period practically all scientific activity was paralysed, which caused many negative consequences with the passage of time. In this context, psychology tried to continue with the work initiated before the fight. With few economic means, in a frame of study delimited by the scholastic.

The Barbado father directed the work in the psychology area until his death in 1945. The do-nothing policy presided the renewal of the psycho technological activity and remained centralized the investigation in the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CSIC), who subordinated their activities to the cultural interests of the dictatorship. In spite of it, in 1947, the education of psychology in the medicine faculty was established and was a complementary aspect in the formation of humanities. When the suitable political conditions appear, arose the possibility from the foundation of a Superior School from Psychology.

Whereas in 1952, the Spanish Society of Psychology was created, but it would lack the Career, then, still were not the appropriate social factors for the separation of the philosophy. It had not reached the elevated social prestige that it had in Europe. Nevertheless, existed the conditions to spread and to apply certain aspects of European and world-wide Psychology.

It took place an incorporation of psychological schools and authors of prestige (Wundt, Pavlov, Binet, Ribot, Freud, Pieron, Baldwin, Claparéde, Dewey, Wallon, James, Dewey, Spencer, Hall, Piaget, Michote and Kohler...) that had influence in the Spanish psychologists of that time.

Key words: Spanish psychology, RPGA, History of Psychology, pro-Franco dictatorship, historical-metrical methodology

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Title: Education based on the investigation in the subjet History of Psychology

Francisco José Tornay Mejías, Cándida Castro Ramírez and Adoración Antolí Cabrera

Abstract:

Our intention is to describe the system of adaptation to the European credit of the subject of History of the Psychology of the University of Granada. We believe that it can be interesting for the members of the SEHP, because is a relatively radical adaptation that allows to surpass the matter in many cases by means of continuous evaluation in class, without examination, and that is based on a system of seminaries in which each student investigates in depth on concrete aspects of the subject instead of receiving skilful classes on the complete agenda.

In our University, History of Psychology is a four-month main subject of 6 credits. The students are divided in four groups, in each one of which usually there are more than 90 registered students. Since three years ago, we have been putting on approval a system based on recommendations of the Tuning report on education of abilities and in the recommendations of the call Boyer report, that proposes a university education based on the investigation. In order to carry out it, each group divides itself in several sub-groups specialized in an aspect of the agenda: philosophical aspects, in physiological aspects, the sprouting of scientific psychology, in psychoanalysis, behaviourism.

Each one of the hours of weekly class becomes a seminary on one of the subjects. After the reading of the corresponding chapter of the text book, an initial skilful class of introduction is made. Next we present to the students a series of possible subjects that deep in diverse aspects of the subject: biographies of important authors, theoretical investigations of the time, concepts, and elements of the historical context...

Every week three students look for information on those subjects and prepare small exhibitions on them who present in the following class. Other three prepare posters in which the found information in a written and graphical form. The following week other six students prepare new subjects so on and.

The importance is focused in the quality of the information and in their communication, following as much the recommendation of the report Boyer relative to the necessity to connect the abilities of communication and the work of the course. In the beginning of each class they hang posters and next 10 minutes are dedicated about to the exhibition of each subject. After each exhibition about 10 minutes are dedicated to questions and discussion, as well as to explanations of the professor on the content and the presentation of the subject. Every week, the students who do not have to prepare subjects of exhibition or to poster, they must make small activities written of reflection on the subjects in a diary of the subject. The course finishes with a congress of students in whom the students expose or present subjects in writing more complex than they must have chosen previously. In this work we would like to present details on the form in which we approach the organization of the subjet, the formation and the evaluation of the pupils.

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Title: Intellectual generations in the development of disciplinary tradition

Francisco Tortosa and Cristina Civera

Abstract:

Our goal is to reconstruct the image of the history of Spanish Psychology, the history of the first generation of university professors from an own reconstruction, weighed and fit to primary and secondary sources, based on its knowledge and evaluating them critically.

The method used to determine it has been the tutor/disciple relation, defined by the criterion of Thesis direction. Any approach to recent history of Spanish Psychology makes appear the ghost of the chronicle. The key factor that allows to elude it is the material content of the own study, and in that case, research allows to make perspectives. The intellectual genealogy of these first teachers is defined by a temporary lapse that intersect the times alluded by history and chronicle, and that’s the reason why it is possible to approach it in an historical way, along with necessary methodological precautions and epistemological prudence. The analysis has allowed detecting the singular role in the configuration and development of the present Spanish psychology

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Title: Three decades of research on a hypothetical– deductive reasoning task

María Dolores Valiña, Gloria Seoane, Montserrat Martín and Luz I. Leirós

Abstract:

Publications of “The Psychology of Deductive Reasoning” and “Mental Models”, at the beginning of the eighties, are two historical landmarks in Reasoning Psychology. The first book was published in 1982 by Jonathan St. B.T. Evans, who formulated the Heuristic-analytical Processes Theory and, later, the Double Process Theory. The second was published a year later by Philip N. Johnson-Laird, who raised the Mental Models Theory.

Both authors were students of PETER WASON (1924 - 2003), who contributed decisively to the development of experimental Psychology of Thought and Reasoning. In this work we present a revision of the Literature of one of the experimental tasks formulated originally by Peter Wason, three decades ago: the THOG problem.

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Title: The Psychoanalyst Ángel Garma, twenty years later

Juan Antonio Vera Ferrándiz

Abstract:

Figure historical of Angel Garma, when speaking of psychoanalysis that is produced in Castilian, is excellent. It is enough with introducing his name and first last name in the popular finder of Internet Google to obtain one first impression respect to his importance: there are more than the 15000 references that appear in screen when "Angel Garma" is written.

Certainly, those who are interested in the history of psychology in Spain can see confirmed their first impression in the many works that have evaluated the participation of the Spanish psychiatrist in the establishment and development of the psychoanalysis in Argentina specially, and all Latin America in general. We ourselves, in repeated occasions, we have dedicated our effort to study the life and the work of this psychiatrist born in Bilbao (Spain).

Near twenty years, in the first symposium of our young SEHP, who signs this work already was released in public communicating the preliminary data of a study that we were initiating in Murcia about Garma. It seemed reasonable to me that, in this XX symposium, in which in addition exists a table dedicated to the history of the psychoanalysis, we returned to retake the subject.

With a small difference, If then we emphasized the participation of Garma in the institutionalization and fort growth of the psychoanalysis in South America, now we try to confront the weight of his influence in the scene psy (psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, psychology, etc.) of contemporary Argentina. Consequently, in this occasion, more than to evaluate from here his vital trajectory and his facet of pioneer, we tried to come near to how his importance at the present time is evaluated by the intellectuals of there.

Summarizing, the intention of the present work is to offer an updated perspective respect to the popularity of Garma in the average Argentine intellectuals. We told our disposition, for it, with the existence of some books, several articles and many studies hung in Internet.

A meticulous examination from this documentation allows us to conclude that the figure of Angel Garma, outside the evaluations made by some outstanding members of the Argentine Psychoanalytic Association, wakes up between the rest of its critical contradictory feelings and, in some cases, of open hostility.

We will conclude finally that, although all agree in the recognition of the importance of precursory Garma whereas of the Argentine psychoanalytic movement, as could not be otherwise, his presence today in the intellectual context of that country shows a residual meaning rather. They will be his Argentine companions, those that initiated with him the adventure of the “porteño” psychoanalysis (in special, we would have to emphasize the figure of Enrique Pichon-Riviere), those that receives, on the other side, greater levels of attention and on which it is made fall the fault that the present situation of the disciplines related with the investigation psy is there what today they are.

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